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-.TH PCREJIT 3 "04 May 2012" "PCRE 8.31"
-.SH NAME
-PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
-.SH "PCRE JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT"
-.rs
-.sp
-Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up
-pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the
-match is performed. Therefore, it is of most benefit when the same pattern is
-going to be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a
-matching function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take
-place many times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call.
-Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT for
-one-off matches.
-.P
-JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function.
-It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for
-this support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
-.
-.
-.SH "8-BIT and 16-BIT SUPPORT"
-.rs
-.sp
-JIT support is available for both the 8-bit and 16-bit PCRE libraries. To keep
-this documentation simple, only the 8-bit interface is described in what
-follows. If you are using the 16-bit library, substitute the 16-bit functions
-and 16-bit structures (for example, \fIpcre16_jit_stack\fP instead of
-\fIpcre_jit_stack\fP).
-.
-.
-.SH "AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT"
-.rs
-.sp
-JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE. The "configure" option --enable-jit
-(or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE is built if you want to use
-JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
-.sp
-  ARM v5, v7, and Thumb2
-  Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
-  MIPS 32-bit
-  Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
-.sp
-If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
-.P
-A program that is linked with PCRE 8.20 or later can tell if JIT support is
-available by calling \fBpcre_config()\fP with the PCRE_CONFIG_JIT option. The
-result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0 otherwise. However, a simple program
-does not need to check this in order to use JIT. The API is implemented in a
-way that falls back to the interpretive code if JIT is not available.
-.P
-If your program may sometimes be linked with versions of PCRE that are older
-than 8.20, but you want to use JIT when it is available, you can test
-the values of PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR, or the existence of a JIT macro such
-as PCRE_CONFIG_JIT, for compile-time control of your code.
-.
-.
-.SH "SIMPLE USE OF JIT"
-.rs
-.sp
-You have to do two things to make use of the JIT support in the simplest way:
-.sp
-  (1) Call \fBpcre_study()\fP with the PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option for
-      each compiled pattern, and pass the resulting \fBpcre_extra\fP block to
-      \fBpcre_exec()\fP.
-.sp
-  (2) Use \fBpcre_free_study()\fP to free the \fBpcre_extra\fP block when it is
-      no longer needed, instead of just freeing it yourself. This
-      ensures that any JIT data is also freed.
-.sp
-For a program that may be linked with pre-8.20 versions of PCRE, you can insert
-.sp
-  #ifndef PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
-  #define PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE 0
-  #endif
-.sp
-so that no option is passed to \fBpcre_study()\fP, and then use something like
-this to free the study data:
-.sp
-  #ifdef PCRE_CONFIG_JIT
-      pcre_free_study(study_ptr);
-  #else
-      pcre_free(study_ptr);
-  #endif
-.sp
-PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete
-matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD or
-PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT options of \fBpcre_exec()\fP, you should set one or both of
-the following options in addition to, or instead of, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
-when you call \fBpcre_study()\fP:
-.sp
-  PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
-  PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
-.sp
-The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three
-modes (normal, soft partial, hard partial). When \fBpcre_exec()\fP is called,
-the appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is
-matched using interpretive code.
-.P
-In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are
-described in the section entitled
-.\" HTML <a href="#stackcontrol">
-.\" </a>
-"Controlling the JIT stack"
-.\"
-below.
-.P
-If JIT support is not available, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. are ignored, and
-no JIT data is created. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT
-compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes much faster than the
-normal interpretive code. When \fBpcre_exec()\fP is passed a \fBpcre_extra\fP
-block containing a pointer to JIT code of the appropriate mode (normal or
-hard/soft partial), it obeys that code instead of running the interpreter. The
-result is identical, but the compiled JIT code runs much faster.
-.P
-There are some \fBpcre_exec()\fP options that are not supported for JIT
-execution. There are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details
-are given below. In both cases, execution automatically falls back to the
-interpretive code. If you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a
-particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up
-as described in the section entitled
-.\" HTML <a href="#stackcontrol">
-.\" </a>
-"Controlling the JIT stack"
-.\"
-below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a
-callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the
-execution options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is not
-obeyed.
-.P
-If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You
-can find out if JIT execution is available after studying a pattern by calling
-\fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP with the PCRE_INFO_JIT option. A result of 1 means that
-JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means that JIT support is not
-available, or the pattern was not studied with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc., or
-the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
-.P
-Once a pattern has been studied, with or without JIT, it can be used as many
-times as you like for matching different subject strings.
-.
-.
-.SH "UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS"
-.rs
-.sp
-The only \fBpcre_exec()\fP options that are supported for JIT execution are
-PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL,
-PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT.
-.P
-The unsupported pattern items are:
-.sp
-  \eC             match a single byte; not supported in UTF-8 mode
-  (?Cn)          callouts
-  (*PRUNE)       )
-  (*SKIP)        ) backtracking control verbs
-  (*THEN)        )
-.sp
-Support for some of these may be added in future.
-.
-.
-.SH "RETURN VALUES FROM JIT EXECUTION"
-.rs
-.sp
-When a pattern is matched using JIT execution, the return values are the same
-as those given by the interpretive \fBpcre_exec()\fP code, with the addition of
-one new error code: PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used
-for the JIT stack was insufficient. See
-.\" HTML <a href="#stackcontrol">
-.\" </a>
-"Controlling the JIT stack"
-.\"
-below for a discussion of JIT stack usage. For compatibility with the
-interpretive \fBpcre_exec()\fP code, no more than two-thirds of the
-\fIovector\fP argument is used for passing back captured substrings.
-.P
-The error code PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a
-very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance
-when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted are not the
-same. The PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT error code is never returned by JIT
-execution.
-.
-.
-.SH "SAVING AND RESTORING COMPILED PATTERNS"
-.rs
-.sp
-The code that is generated by the JIT compiler is architecture-specific, and is
-also position dependent. For those reasons it cannot be saved (in a file or
-database) and restored later like the bytecode and other data of a compiled
-pattern. Saving and restoring compiled patterns is not something many people
-do. More detail about this facility is given in the
-.\" HREF
-\fBpcreprecompile\fP
-.\"
-documentation. It should be possible to run \fBpcre_study()\fP on a saved and
-restored pattern, and thereby recreate the JIT data, but because JIT
-compilation uses significant resources, it is probably not worth doing this;
-you might as well recompile the original pattern.
-.
-.
-.\" HTML <a name="stackcontrol"></a>
-.SH "CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK"
-.rs
-.sp
-When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack.
-By default, it uses 32K on the machine stack. However, some large or
-complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT
-is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for
-managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion
-about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled
-.\" HTML <a href="#stackcontrol">
-.\" </a>
-"JIT stack FAQ"
-.\"
-below.
-.P
-The \fBpcre_jit_stack_alloc()\fP function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments
-are a starting size and a maximum size, and it returns a pointer to an opaque
-structure of type \fBpcre_jit_stack\fP, or NULL if there is an error. The
-\fBpcre_jit_stack_free()\fP function can be used to free a stack that is no
-longer needed. (For the technically minded: the address space is allocated by
-mmap or VirtualAlloc.)
-.P
-JIT uses far less memory for recursion than the interpretive code,
-and a maximum stack size of 512K to 1M should be more than enough for any
-pattern.
-.P
-The \fBpcre_assign_jit_stack()\fP function specifies which stack JIT code
-should use. Its arguments are as follows:
-.sp
-  pcre_extra         *extra
-  pcre_jit_callback  callback
-  void               *data
-.sp
-The \fIextra\fP argument must be the result of studying a pattern with
-PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. There are three cases for the values of the other
-two options:
-.sp
-  (1) If \fIcallback\fP is NULL and \fIdata\fP is NULL, an internal 32K block
-      on the machine stack is used.
-.sp
-  (2) If \fIcallback\fP is NULL and \fIdata\fP is not NULL, \fIdata\fP must be
-      a valid JIT stack, the result of calling \fBpcre_jit_stack_alloc()\fP.
-.sp
-  (3) If \fIcallback\fP is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
-      called with \fIdata\fP as an argument at the start of matching, in
-      order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
-      function is NULL, the internal 32K stack is used; otherwise the
-      return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
-      \fBpcre_jit_stack_alloc()\fP.
-.sp
-A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not
-obeyed when \fBpcre_exec()\fP is called with options that are incompatible for
-JIT execution. A callback function can therefore be used to determine whether a
-match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
-.P
-You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by
-assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are all matched
-sequentially in the same thread. In a multithread application, if you do not
-specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that
-is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine stack. However, if you
-assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for
-each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
-.P
-Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack
-to any number of patterns as long as they are not used for matching by multiple
-threads at the same time. For example, you can assign the same stack to all
-compiled patterns, and use a global mutex in the callback to wait until the
-stack is available for use. However, this is an inefficient solution, and not
-recommended.
-.P
-This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up
-non-default JIT stacks might operate:
-.sp
-  During thread initalization
-    thread_local_var = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(...)
-.sp
-  During thread exit
-    pcre_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
-.sp
-  Use a one-line callback function
-    return thread_local_var
-.sp
-All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available,
-and \fBpcre_assign_jit_stack()\fP does nothing unless the \fBextra\fP argument
-is non-NULL and points to a \fBpcre_extra\fP block that is the result of a
-successful study with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc.
-.
-.
-.\" HTML <a name="stackfaq"></a>
-.SH "JIT STACK FAQ"
-.rs
-.sp
-(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
-.sp
-PCRE (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where
-the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes.
-Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the
-stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC.
-Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So
-we do the recursion in memory.
-.P
-(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with \fBmalloc()\fP?
-.sp
-Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space
-instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this
-address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is
-important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1M address space, and use
-only a single memory page (usually 4K) if that is enough. However, we can still
-grow up to 1M anytime if needed.
-.P
-(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
-.sp
-The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or
-anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is used by
-\fBpcre_exec()\fP, (that is, it is assigned to the pattern currently running),
-that stack must not be used by any other threads (to avoid overwriting the same
-memory area). The best practice for multithreaded programs is to allocate a
-stack for each thread, and return this stack through the JIT callback function.
-.P
-(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
-.sp
-You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by
-\fBpcre_exec()\fP again. When you assign the stack to a pattern, only a pointer
-is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free the
-patterns and stacks in any order, anytime. Just \fIdo not\fP call
-\fBpcre_exec()\fP with a pattern pointing to an already freed stack, as that
-will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack currently used by
-\fBpcre_exec()\fP in another thread). You can also replace the stack for a
-pattern at any time. You can even free the previous stack before assigning a
-replacement.
-.P
-(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling
-\fBpcre_exec()\fP?
-.sp
-No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could
-implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's
-say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achive this without keeping a
-list of the currently JIT studied patterns.
-.P
-(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a
-pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1M? Is that 1M kept until the
-stack is freed?
-.sp
-Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory
-sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment.
-Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for
-any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would
-be a good idea if someone needs this.
-.P
-(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT
-stack handling?
-.sp
-No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw
-out this complicated API.
-.
-.
-.SH "EXAMPLE CODE"
-.rs
-.sp
-This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a
-callback.
-.sp
-  int rc;
-  int ovector[30];
-  pcre *re;
-  pcre_extra *extra;
-  pcre_jit_stack *jit_stack;
-.sp
-  re = pcre_compile(pattern, 0, &error, &erroffset, NULL);
-  /* Check for errors */
-  extra = pcre_study(re, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE, &error);
-  jit_stack = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(32*1024, 512*1024);
-  /* Check for error (NULL) */
-  pcre_assign_jit_stack(extra, NULL, jit_stack);
-  rc = pcre_exec(re, extra, subject, length, 0, 0, ovector, 30);
-  /* Check results */
-  pcre_free(re);
-  pcre_free_study(extra);
-  pcre_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
-.sp
-.
-.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.rs
-.sp
-\fBpcreapi\fP(3)
-.
-.
-.SH AUTHOR
-.rs
-.sp
-.nf
-Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
-University Computing Service
-Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
-.fi
-.
-.
-.SH REVISION
-.rs
-.sp
-.nf
-Last updated: 04 May 2012
-Copyright (c) 1997-2012 University of Cambridge.
-.fi