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diff --git a/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html b/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html deleted file mode 100644 index e40532e..0000000 --- a/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2241 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> -<html> -<!-- Created on May, 18 2009 by texi2html 1.78 --> -<!-- -Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) - Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> - Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> - and many others. -Maintained by: Many creative people. -Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> - ---> -<head> -<title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title> - -<meta name="description" content="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation"> -<meta name="keywords" content="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation"> -<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> -<meta name="distribution" content="global"> -<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.78"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> -<style type="text/css"> -<!-- -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} -pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} -ul.toc {list-style: none} ---> -</style> - - -</head> - -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> - -<a name="Top"></a> -<a name="SEC_Top"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1> - -<p>This manual documents version of the Tiny C Compiler. -</p> -<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Introduction to tcc. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invocation of tcc (command line, options). -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> ANSI C and extensions. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assembler syntax. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Output file generation and supported targets. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic bounds-checking of C code. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The libtcc library. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guide for Developers. -</td></tr> -</table> - - -<hr size="1"> -<a name="Introduction"></a> -<a name="SEC1"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[ << ]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 1. Introduction </h1> - -<p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C -compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an -external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you. -</p> -<p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may -not be necessary. -</p> -<p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99 -standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly. -</p> -<p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source -that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that -your script will be as fast as if it was an executable. -</p> -<p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks -(see section <a href="#SEC21">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do -these checks even if non patched libraries are used. -</p> -<p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code -generation (see section <a href="#SEC22">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>). -</p> -<p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha -ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets -(<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at -<a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>. -</p> -<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="Invoke"></a> -<a name="SEC2"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 2. Command line invocation </h1> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC3"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 2.1 Quick start </h2> - -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>…] [‘<samp>-run</samp>’ <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>…] -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC -can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime -arguments. -</p> -<p>Here are some examples to understand the logic: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and execute it directly -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to -the <code>main()</code> of a.c. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given -as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>link ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.o</tt>’ together and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and generate object file ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble ‘<tt>asmfile.S</tt>’ and generate -object file ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) ‘<tt>asmfile.s</tt>’ and generate object file -‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt> -<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and generate the object file ‘<tt>ab.o</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Scripting: -</p> -<p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just -need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -#include <stdio.h> - -int main() -{ - printf("Hello World\n"); - return 0; -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when ‘<samp>-</samp>’ is used in -place of ‘<samp>infile</samp>’. Example: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run - -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC4"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 2.2 Option summary </h2> - -<p>General Options: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-v</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Display current TCC version, increase verbosity. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-c</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate an object file (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-o outfile</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file ‘<tt>outfile</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Bdir</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries can be found (default is -‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>’). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-bench</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Output compilation statistics. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments -<var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a -script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the -‘<samp>-run</samp>’ option, separated by spaces. Example: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>In a script, it gives the following header: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 -#include <stdlib.h> -int main(int argc, char **argv) -{ - ... -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Preprocessor options: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Idir</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the -order they are specified. -</p> -<p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system -include paths are: ‘<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/include</tt>’ -and ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>’. (‘<tt>PREFIX</tt>’ is usually -‘<tt>/usr</tt>’ or ‘<tt>/usr/local</tt>’). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’ to -val. If val is not present, its value is ‘<samp>1</samp>’. Function-like macros can -also be defined: ‘<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>’ -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Usym</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’. -</p></dd> -</dl> - -<p>Compilation flags: -</p> -<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with -‘<samp>-fno-</samp>’. -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-fno-common</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Warning options: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-w</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Disable all warnings. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with -‘<samp>-Wno-</samp>’. -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char -*</code>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wall</samp>’ </dt> -<dd><p>Activate all warnings, except ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’, ‘<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>’ and -‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Linker options: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Ldir</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the ‘<samp>-l</samp>’ option. The -default library paths are ‘<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/lib</tt>’ and ‘<tt>/lib</tt>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-lxxx</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library -libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the -‘<samp>-L</samp>’ option. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-shared</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option -must also be given). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-static</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked -executable) (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-rdynamic</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library -opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-r</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must -also be given). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-Ttext,address</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Set the start of the .text section to <var>address</var>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,--oformat,fmt</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are: -</p><dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt> -<dd><p>ELF output format (default) -</p></dd> -<dt> <code>binary</code></dt> -<dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output) -</p></dd> -<dt> <code>coff</code></dt> -<dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target) -</p></dd> -</dl> - -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Debugger options: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> ‘<samp>-g</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time -error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing -invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation -fault</code>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-b</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Generate additional support code to check -memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ is implied. Note -that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> ‘<samp>-bt N</samp>’</dt> -<dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ or -‘<samp>-b</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p>Note: GCC options ‘<samp>-Ox</samp>’, ‘<samp>-fx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-mx</samp>’ are -ignored. -</p> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="Clang"></a> -<a name="SEC5"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 3. C language support </h1> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC6"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 3.1 ANSI C </h2> - -<p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields -and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and -<code>float</code> fully supported). -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC7"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </h2> - -<p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently -missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length -arrays. -</p> -<p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features: -</p> -<ul class="toc"> -<li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported. - -</li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported. - -</li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current -function name. - -</li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for - function-like macros: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters. -</p> -</li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++). - -</li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by - using designators: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 }; - - int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9}; -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li><li> Compound initializers are supported: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 }; -</pre></td></tr></table> -<p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same -works for structures and strings. -</p> -</li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 0x1234p10; -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>is the same as writing -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 4771840.0; -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored. - -</li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored. -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC8"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 3.3 GNU C extensions </h2> - -<p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions: -</p> -<ul class="toc"> -<li> array designators can be used without '=': -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 }; -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li><li> Structure field designators can be a label: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1}; -</pre></td></tr></table> -<p>instead of -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1}; -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27. - -</li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> switch(a) { - case 1 … 9: - printf("range 1 to 9\n"); - break; - default: - printf("unexpected\n"); - break; - } -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<a name="IDX1"></a> -<a name="IDX2"></a> -<a name="IDX3"></a> -<a name="IDX4"></a> -<a name="IDX5"></a> -<a name="IDX6"></a> -<a name="IDX7"></a> -<a name="IDX8"></a> - -</li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or -function attributes. The following attributes are supported: - -<ul class="toc"> -<li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes -(must be a power of two). - - </li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to - 1. - - </li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section -name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default -section. - - </li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused. - - </li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default). - - </li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention. - - </li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be -between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in -registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>. - - </li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only) - -</li></ul> - -<p>Here are some examples: -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection"))); -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>. -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection"))) - { - return a + b; - } -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>. -</p> -</li><li> GNU style variadic macros: -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(fmt, args…) printf(fmt, ## args) - - dprintf("no arg\n"); - dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1); -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code> -(so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC -where it is a string literal). - -</li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code> -to get the alignment of a type or an expression. - -</li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>. -<code>x</code> is an expression or a type. - -</li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&&label</code> returns a pointer of type -<code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be -used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>. - -</li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction: -<a name="IDX9"></a> -<a name="IDX10"></a> -<a name="IDX11"></a> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n) -{ -int d0, d1, d2; -__asm__ __volatile__( - "rep ; movsl\n\t" - "testb $2,%b4\n\t" - "je 1f\n\t" - "movsw\n" - "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t" - "je 2f\n\t" - "movsb\n" - "2:" - : "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2) - :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from) - : "memory"); -return (to); -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<a name="IDX12"></a> -<p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU -assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named -operands are supported. -</p> -</li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code> -are supported. - -</li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility. - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC9"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </h2> - -<ul class="toc"> -<li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to -indicate that you use TCC. - -</li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting. - -</li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of -<code>5</code>). - -</li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated. - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="asm"></a> -<a name="SEC10"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 4. TinyCC Assembler </h1> - -<p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC -assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can -desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable -(the C compiler does not rely on the assembler). -</p> -<p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with ‘<tt>.S</tt>’ (C -preprocessed assembler) and ‘<tt>.s</tt>’ extensions. It is also used to -handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC11"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 4.1 Syntax </h2> - -<p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the -same as C. -</p> -<ul class="toc"> -<li> C and C++ comments are supported. - -</li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'. - -</li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported. - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC12"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 4.2 Expressions </h2> - -<ul class="toc"> -<li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported. - -</li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~. - -</li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order: - -<ol> -<li> *, /, % -</li><li> &, |, ^ -</li><li> +, - -</li></ol> - -</li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset. -All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be -used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they -are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section. - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC13"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 4.3 Labels </h2> - -<ul class="toc"> -<li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones. - -</li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels. -They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b' -(backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them: - -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> 1: - jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */ - jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */ - 1: -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC14"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 4.4 Directives </h2> - -<p>All directives are preceeded by a '.'. The following directives are -supported: -</p> -<ul class="toc"> -<li> .align n[,value] -</li><li> .skip n[,value] -</li><li> .space n[,value] -</li><li> .byte value1[,...] -</li><li> .word value1[,...] -</li><li> .short value1[,...] -</li><li> .int value1[,...] -</li><li> .long value1[,...] -</li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...] -</li><li> .globl symbol -</li><li> .global symbol -</li><li> .section section -</li><li> .text -</li><li> .data -</li><li> .bss -</li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]] -</li><li> .org n -</li><li> .previous -</li><li> .string string[,...] -</li><li> .asciz string[,...] -</li><li> .ascii string[,...] -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC15"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 4.5 X86 Assembler </h2> - -<p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source -then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC -tries to guess it from the operand sizes. -</p> -<p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="linker"></a> -<a name="SEC16"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 5. TinyCC Linker </h1> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC17"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 5.1 ELF file generation </h2> - -<p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files), -executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an -external linker. -</p> -<p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate -position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library -code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet. -</p> -<p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is -done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and -libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping -options (‘<samp>--start-group</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--end-group</samp>’) are supported. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC18"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 5.2 ELF file loader </h2> - -<p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic -libraries (.so). -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC19"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </h2> - -<p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It -generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files. -</p> -<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC20"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </h2> - -<p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as -‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!), -the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts. -</p> -<p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> -and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored. -</p> -<p>Example from ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’: -</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script - Use the shared library, but some functions are only in - the static library, so try that secondarily. */ -GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a ) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="Bounds"></a> -<a name="SEC21"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </h1> - -<p>This feature is activated with the ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ (see section <a href="#SEC2">Command line invocation</a>). -</p> -<p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated -with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked -code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be -valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly. -</p> -<p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see -<a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>. -</p> -<p>Here are some examples of caught errors: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt> -<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ - char tab[10]; - memset(tab, 0, 11); -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -<dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt> -<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ - int tab[10]; - for(i=0;i<11;i++) { - sum += tab[i]; - } -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -<dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data:</dt> -<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ - int *tab; - tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); - for(i=0;i<21;i++) { - sum += tab4[i]; - } - free(tab); -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -<dt> Access of freed memory:</dt> -<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ - int *tab; - tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); - free(tab); - for(i=0;i<20;i++) { - sum += tab4[i]; - } -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -<dt> Double free:</dt> -<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ - int *tab; - tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); - free(tab); - free(tab); -} -</pre></td></tr></table> - -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="Libtcc"></a> -<a name="SEC22"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 7. The <code>libtcc</code> library </h1> - -<p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for -dynamic code generation. -</p> -<p>Read the ‘<tt>libtcc.h</tt>’ to have an overview of the API. Read -‘<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>’ to have a very simple example. -</p> -<p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want -to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global -symbol (function or variable) defined. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="devel"></a> -<a name="SEC23"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="chapter"> 8. Developer's guide </h1> - -<p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip -it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC24"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.1 File reading </h2> - -<p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a -file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new -file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next -character. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC25"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.2 Lexer </h2> - -<p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current -file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro -expansion. -</p> -<p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>) -constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code> -contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value -if number or string token). -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC26"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.3 Parser </h2> - -<p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass, -except: -</p> -<ul class="toc"> -<li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass -is done to count the number of elements. - -</li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in -reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order. - -</li></ul> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC27"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.4 Types </h2> - -<p>The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was choosen in the -first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not -be the best solution. -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */ -#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */ -#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */ -#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */ -#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */ -#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */ -#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */ -#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */ -#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */ -#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */ -#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */ -#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */ -#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */ -#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only - during parsing) */ -#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */ -#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */ -#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */ -#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */ - -#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 16 /* structure/enum name shift (16 bits left) */ -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and -structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to -store an identifier reference. -</p> -<p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long -longs. -</p> -<p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag -<code>VT_ARRAY</code> set. -</p> -<p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long -longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits -VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored -from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11. -</p> -<p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing. -</p> -<p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type -integer: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */ -#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */ -#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */ -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC28"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.5 Symbols </h2> - -<p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack -contains <code>Sym</code> structures. -</p> -<p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember -an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store -it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually -the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is -usually a constant associated to the symbol. -</p> -<p>Four main symbol stacks are defined: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt> -<dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt> -<dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt> -<dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt> -<dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt> -<dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol -stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global -symbol stack. -</p> -<p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until -the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack -is emptied. -</p> -<p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier -<var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the -global stack. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC29"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.6 Sections </h2> - -<p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure -<code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given -section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics -is assumed for each section. -</p> -<p>The following sections are predefined: -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>text_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the -current position in the code section. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>data_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>contains initialized data -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>contains uninitialized data -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt> -<dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt> -<dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>are used when debugging is actived to store debug information -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt> -<dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt> -<dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC30"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.7 Code generation </h2> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC31"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.1 Introduction </h3> - -<p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one -pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which -generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly -little complicated. -</p> -<p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at -the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is -kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>. -</p> -<p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are -needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC32"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.2 The value stack </h3> - -<p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack -(<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value -stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>. -</p> -<p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is -currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register -index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are -defined: -</p> -<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST 0x00f0 -#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1 -#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2 -#define VT_CMP 0x00f3 -#define VT_JMP 0x00f4 -#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5 -#define VT_LVAL 0x0100 -#define VT_SYM 0x0200 -#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400 -#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800 -#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000 -#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000 -#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000 -#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000 -#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED) -</pre></td></tr></table> - -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union -<code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the -stack. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the -value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The -actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>. -</p> -<p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be -put in a normal register. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt> -<dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP, -it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted. -</p> -<p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> logical -operators. -</p> -<p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal -register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is -taken. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt> -<dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of -an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to -the wanted value. -</p> -<p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to -understand how TCC works. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt> -<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt> -<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt> -<dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real -type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt> -<dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated -ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value -is used (lazy casting). -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt> -<dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt> -<dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt> -<dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC33"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </h3> - -<p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value -stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for -example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the -previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage. -</p> -<p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup -code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on -x86). -</p> -<p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the -top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which -register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most -important function</em> of the code generator. -</p> -<p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack -entries. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC34"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </h3> -<p>See the ‘<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>’ file to have an example. -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt> <code>load()</code></dt> -<dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>store()</code></dt> -<dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value -lvalue. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt> -<dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt> -<dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt> -<dd><p>should generate a function call -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt> -<dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt> -<dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt> -<dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top -entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types. -</p> -<p>The result value should be put on the stack. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt> -<dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top -entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of -same types. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt> -<dd><p>integer to floating point conversion. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt> -<dd><p>floating point to integer conversion. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt> -<dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion. -</p> -</dd> -<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt> -<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt> -<dd><p>are only used for bounds checking. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC35"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h2 class="section"> 8.8 Optimizations done </h2> -<p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and -divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison -operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the -processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special -'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed -because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion. -</p> -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC36"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1 class="unnumbered"> Concept Index </h1> -<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a> - -<br> -<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a> - -</td></tr></table> -<table border="0" class="index-cp"> -<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_0">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX11">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_1">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX1">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX10">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_2">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_3">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX5">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_4">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX8">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_5">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_6">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_7">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX12">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_8">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX9">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_9">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_10">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_11">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_12">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_13">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX2">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_14">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_15">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX7">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_16">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX3">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX6">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_17">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_18">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX4">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_19">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="SEC36_20">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> -</table> -<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a> - -<br> -<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a> - -<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a> - -</td></tr></table> - -<hr size="6"> -<a name="SEC_Contents"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1>Table of Contents</h1> -<div class="contents"> - -<ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">4.3 Labels</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC15" href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC16" href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC17" href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC18" href="#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC19" href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC20" href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC21" href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC22" href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC23" href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC24" href="#SEC24">8.1 File reading</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC25" href="#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC26" href="#SEC26">8.3 Parser</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC27" href="#SEC27">8.4 Types</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC28" href="#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC29" href="#SEC29">8.6 Sections</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC30" href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a> - <ul class="toc"> - <li><a name="TOC31" href="#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC32" href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC33" href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li> - <li><a name="TOC34" href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC35" href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li> - </ul></li> - <li><a name="TOC36" href="#SEC36">Concept Index</a></li> -</ul> -</div> -<hr size="1"> -<a name="SEC_About"></a> -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> -<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> -<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> -</tr></table> -<h1>About This Document</h1> -<p> - This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>. -</p> -<p> - The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning: -</p> -<table border="1"> - <tr> - <th> Button </th> - <th> Name </th> - <th> Go to </th> - <th> From 1.2.3 go to</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ < ] </td> - <td align="center">Back</td> - <td>Previous section in reading order</td> - <td>1.2.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ > ] </td> - <td align="center">Forward</td> - <td>Next section in reading order</td> - <td>1.2.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ << ] </td> - <td align="center">FastBack</td> - <td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td> - <td>1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ Up ] </td> - <td align="center">Up</td> - <td>Up section</td> - <td>1.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ >> ] </td> - <td align="center">FastForward</td> - <td>Next chapter</td> - <td>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [Top] </td> - <td align="center">Top</td> - <td>Cover (top) of document</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [Contents] </td> - <td align="center">Contents</td> - <td>Table of contents</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [Index] </td> - <td align="center">Index</td> - <td>Index</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td align="center"> [ ? ] </td> - <td align="center">About</td> - <td>About (help)</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p> - where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure: -</p> - -<ul> - <li> 1. 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