typedef struct { Array in_decls; /* array of declarations we are currently inside */ Block *block; Type *ret_type; /* the return type of the function we're currently parsing. NULL for none. */ } Typer; static bool types_stmt(Typer *tr, Statement *s); static bool types_decl(Typer *tr, Declaration *d); static bool types_expr(Typer *tr, Expression *e); static bool types_block(Typer *tr, Block *b); static bool type_resolve(Typer *tr, Type *t); static bool add_ident_decls(Block *b, Declaration *d) { bool ret = true; arr_foreach(&d->idents, Identifier, ident) { Array *decls = &(*ident)->decls; if (decls->len) { /* check that it hasn't been declared in this block */ IdentDecl *prev = arr_last(decls); if (prev->scope == b) { err_print(d->where, "Re-declaration of identifier in the same block."); info_print(prev->decl->where, "Previous declaration was here."); ret = false; continue; } } ident_add_decl(*ident, d, b); } return ret; } static void remove_ident_decls(Block *b, Declaration *d) { arr_foreach(&d->idents, Identifier, ident) { IdentTree *id_info = *ident; Array *decls = &id_info->decls; assert(decls->item_sz); IdentDecl *last_decl = arr_last(decls); if (last_decl && last_decl->scope == b) { arr_remove_last(decls); /* remove that declaration */ } } } /* pass NULL for block for global scope */ static bool block_enter(Block *b, Array *stmts) { bool ret = true; arr_foreach(stmts, Statement, stmt) { if (stmt->kind == STMT_DECL) { Declaration *decl = &stmt->decl; if (!add_ident_decls(b, decl)) ret = false; } } return ret; } static void block_exit(Block *b, Array *stmts) { /* OPTIM: figure out some way of not re-iterating over everything */ arr_foreach(stmts, Statement, stmt) { if (stmt->kind == STMT_DECL) { Declaration *decl = &stmt->decl; remove_ident_decls(b, decl); } } } static bool type_eq(Type *a, Type *b) { if (a->kind == TYPE_UNKNOWN || b->kind == TYPE_UNKNOWN) return true; /* allow things such as 3 + #C("5") */ if (a->kind != b->kind) return false; if (a->flags & TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE) { if (b->flags & TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE) return true; assert(a->kind == TYPE_BUILTIN); if (type_builtin_is_floating(a->builtin)) { return type_builtin_is_floating(b->builtin); } assert(a->builtin == BUILTIN_I64); return type_builtin_is_numerical(b->builtin); } if (b->flags & TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE) { return type_eq(b, a); /* OPTIM? */ } switch (a->kind) { case TYPE_VOID: return true; case TYPE_UNKNOWN: assert(0); return false; case TYPE_BUILTIN: return a->builtin == b->builtin; case TYPE_FN: { if (a->fn.types.len != b->fn.types.len) return false; Type *a_types = a->fn.types.data, *b_types = b->fn.types.data; for (size_t i = 0; i < a->fn.types.len; i++) { if (!type_eq(&a_types[i], &b_types[i])) return false; } return true; } case TYPE_TUPLE: if (a->tuple.len != b->tuple.len) return false; Type *a_types = a->tuple.data, *b_types = b->tuple.data; for (size_t i = 0; i < a->tuple.len; i++) { if (!type_eq(&a_types[i], &b_types[i])) return false; } return true; case TYPE_ARR: if (a->arr.n != b->arr.n) return false; return type_eq(a->arr.of, b->arr.of); case TYPE_PTR: return type_eq(a->ptr.of, b->ptr.of); } assert(0); return false; } /* expected must equal got, or an error will be produced */ static bool type_must_eq(Location where, Type *expected, Type *got) { if (!type_eq(expected, got)) { char *str_ex = type_to_str(expected); char *str_got = type_to_str(got); err_print(where, "Type mismatch: expected %s, but got %s.", str_ex, str_got); return false; } return true; } /* sometimes prints an error and returns false if the given expression is not an l-value */ static bool expr_must_lval(Expression *e) { switch (e->kind) { case EXPR_IDENT: { IdentDecl *id_decl = ident_decl(e->ident); assert(id_decl); Declaration *d = id_decl->decl; if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_CONST) { char *istr = ident_to_str(e->ident); err_print(e->where, "Use of constant %s as a non-constant expression.", istr); info_print(d->where, "%s was declared here.", istr); return false; } return true; } case EXPR_UNARY_OP: if (e->unary.op == UNARY_DEREF) return true; break; case EXPR_BINARY_OP: if (e->binary.op == BINARY_AT_INDEX) return true; break; default: break; } return false; } static bool type_of_fn(Typer *tr, FnExpr *f, Type *t) { t->kind = TYPE_FN; arr_create(&t->fn.types, sizeof(Type)); Type *ret_type = arr_add(&t->fn.types); if (!type_resolve(tr, &f->ret_type)) return false; *ret_type = f->ret_type; Declaration *params = &f->params; if (!types_decl(tr, params)) return false; Type *type = ¶ms->type; Type *param_types = type->kind == TYPE_TUPLE ? type->tuple.data : type; for (size_t i = 0; i < params->idents.len; i++) { Type *param_type = arr_add(&t->fn.types); if (!type_resolve(tr, ¶m_types[i])) return false; *param_type = param_types[i]; } return true; } static bool type_of_ident(Typer *tr, Location where, Identifier i, Type *t) { IdentDecl *decl = ident_decl(i); if (!decl) { char *s = ident_to_str(i); err_print(where, "Undeclared identifier: %s", s); free(s); return false; } Declaration *d = decl->decl; bool captured = false; if (decl->scope != NULL) for (Block *block = tr->block; block != decl->scope; block = block->parent) { if (block->flags & BLOCK_FLAG_FN) { captured = true; break; } } if (captured && !(d->flags & DECL_FLAG_CONST)) { err_print(where, "Variables cannot be captured into inner functions (but constants can)."); return false; } /* are we inside this declaration? */ typedef Declaration *DeclarationPtr; arr_foreach(&tr->in_decls, DeclarationPtr, in_decl) { if (d == *in_decl) { assert(d->flags & DECL_FLAG_HAS_EXPR); /* we can only be in decls with an expr */ if (d->expr.kind != EXPR_FN) { /* it's okay if a function references itself */ /* if we've complained about it before when we were figuring out the type, don't complain again */ if (!(d->flags & DECL_FLAG_ERRORED_ABOUT_SELF_REFERENCE)) { char *s = ident_to_str(i); err_print(where, "Use of identifier %s within its own declaration.", s); free(s); info_print(d->where, "Declaration was here."); d->flags |= DECL_FLAG_ERRORED_ABOUT_SELF_REFERENCE; } return false; } } } if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_FOUND_TYPE) { if (d->idents.len > 1) { /* it's a tuple! */ arr_foreach(&d->idents, Identifier, decl_i) { if (*decl_i == i) { long index = (long)(decl_i - (Identifier*)d->idents.data); *t = ((Type*)d->type.tuple.data)[index]; return true; } } assert(0); return false; } else { *t = d->type; return true; } } else { if ((d->flags & DECL_FLAG_HAS_EXPR) && (d->expr.kind == EXPR_FN)) { /* allow using a function before declaring it */ if (!type_of_fn(tr, d->expr.fn, t)) return false; return true; } else { char *s = ident_to_str(i); err_print(where, "Use of identifier %s before its declaration.\nNote that it is only possible to use a constant function before it is directly declared (e.g. x @= fn() {}).", s); info_print(d->where, "%s will be declared here.", s); free(s); return false; } } } /* fixes the type (replaces [5+3]int with [8]int, etc.) */ static bool type_resolve(Typer *tr, Type *t) { if (t->flags & TYPE_FLAG_RESOLVED) return true; switch (t->kind) { case TYPE_ARR: { /* it's an array */ if (!type_resolve(tr, t->arr.of)) return false; /* resolve inner type */ Value val; Expression *n_expr = t->arr.n_expr; if (!types_expr(tr, n_expr)) return false; if (n_expr->type.kind != TYPE_BUILTIN || !type_builtin_is_integer(n_expr->type.builtin)) return false; if (!eval_expr(n_expr, &val)) return false; /* resolve N */ Integer size = val.intv; if (size < 0) err_print(t->arr.n_expr->where, "Negative array length (" INTEGER_FMT ")", size); t->arr.n = (UInteger)size; } break; case TYPE_FN: arr_foreach(&t->fn.types, Type, child_type) { if (!type_resolve(tr, child_type)) return false; } break; case TYPE_TUPLE: arr_foreach(&t->tuple, Type, child_type) { if (!type_resolve(tr, child_type)) return false; } break; default: break; } t->flags |= TYPE_FLAG_RESOLVED; return true; } static bool type_can_be_truthy(Type *t) { switch (t->kind) { case TYPE_VOID: return false; case TYPE_UNKNOWN: return true; case TYPE_BUILTIN: return true; case TYPE_FN: return true; case TYPE_TUPLE: return false; case TYPE_ARR: return false; case TYPE_PTR: return true; } assert(0); return false; } static bool types_expr(Typer *tr, Expression *e) { if (e->flags & EXPR_FLAG_FOUND_TYPE) return true; Type *prev_ret_type = tr->ret_type; Type *t = &e->type; t->flags = 0; t->kind = TYPE_UNKNOWN; /* default to unknown type (in the case of an error) */ e->flags |= EXPR_FLAG_FOUND_TYPE; /* even if failed, pretend we found the type */ bool success = true; switch (e->kind) { case EXPR_FN: { FnExpr *f = e->fn; if (!type_of_fn(tr, f, t)) { success = false; goto fn_ret; } tr->ret_type = t->fn.types.data; add_ident_decls(&f->body, &f->params); bool block_success = true; block_success = types_block(tr, &e->fn->body); remove_ident_decls(&f->body, &f->params); if (!block_success) { success = false; goto fn_ret; } Expression *ret_expr = f->body.ret_expr; assert(t->kind == TYPE_FN); Type *ret_type = t->fn.types.data; if (ret_expr) { if (!types_expr(tr, ret_expr)) { success = false; goto fn_ret; } if (!type_eq(ret_type, &ret_expr->type)) { char *got = type_to_str(&ret_expr->type); char *expected = type_to_str(ret_type); err_print(ret_expr->where, "Returning type %s, but function returns type %s.", got, expected); info_print(e->where, "Function declaration is here."); free(got); free(expected); success = false; goto fn_ret; } } else if (ret_type->kind != TYPE_VOID) { Array stmts = e->fn->body.stmts; if (stmts.len) { Statement *last_stmt = (Statement *)stmts.data + (stmts.len - 1); if (last_stmt->kind == STMT_RET) { /* last statement is a return, so it doesn't matter that the function has no return value ideally this would handle if foo { return 5; } else { return 6; } */ success = true; goto fn_ret; } } /* TODO: this should really be at the closing brace, and not the function declaration */ char *expected = type_to_str(ret_type); err_print(f->body.end, "No return value in function which returns %s.", expected); free(expected); info_print(e->where, "Function was declared here:"); success = false; goto fn_ret; } fn_ret: tr->ret_type = prev_ret_type; if (!success) return false; } break; case EXPR_LITERAL_INT: t->kind = TYPE_BUILTIN; t->builtin = BUILTIN_I64; t->flags |= TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE; break; case EXPR_LITERAL_STR: t->kind = TYPE_UNKNOWN; /* TODO */ break; case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOAT: t->kind = TYPE_BUILTIN; t->builtin = BUILTIN_F32; t->flags |= TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE; break; case EXPR_IDENT: { if (!type_of_ident(tr, e->where, e->ident, t)) return false; } break; case EXPR_IF: { IfExpr *i = &e->if_; IfExpr *curr = i; Type *curr_type = t; bool has_else = false; if (!types_block(tr, &curr->body)) return false; *t = curr->body.ret_expr->type; while (1) { if (curr->cond) { if (!types_expr(tr, curr->cond)) return false; if (!type_can_be_truthy(&curr->cond->type)) { char *s = type_to_str(&curr->cond->type); err_print(curr->cond->where, "Type %s cannot be the condition of an if statement.", s); free(s); return false; } } else { has_else = true; } if (curr->next_elif) { IfExpr *nexti = &curr->next_elif->if_; Type *next_type = &curr->next_elif->type; if (!types_block(tr, &nexti->body)) { return false; } *next_type = nexti->body.ret_expr->type; if (!type_eq(curr_type, next_type)) { char *currstr = type_to_str(curr_type); char *nextstr = type_to_str(next_type); err_print(curr->next_elif->where, "Mismatched types in if/elif/else chain. Previous block was of type %s, but this one is of type %s.", currstr, nextstr); free(currstr); free(nextstr); return false; } curr = nexti; } else { break; } } if (!has_else && t->kind != TYPE_VOID) { err_print(e->where, "Non-void if block with no else."); return false; } } break; case EXPR_WHILE: { WhileExpr *w = &e->while_; bool ret = true; if (!types_expr(tr, w->cond)) ret = false; if (!types_block(tr, &w->body)) ret = false; if (!ret) return false; *t = w->body.ret_expr->type; } break; case EXPR_CALL: { CallExpr *c = &e->call; Expression *f = c->fn; if (f->kind == EXPR_IDENT) { /* allow calling a function before declaring it */ if (!type_of_ident(tr, f->where, f->ident, &f->type)) return false; } else { if (!types_expr(tr, f)) return false; } arr_foreach(&c->args, Expression, arg) { if (!types_expr(tr, arg)) return false; } if (f->type.kind != TYPE_FN) { char *type = type_to_str(&f->type); err_print(e->where, "Calling non-function (type %s).", type); return false; } Type *ret_type = (Type *)f->type.fn.types.data; Type *param_types = ret_type + 1; Expression *args = c->args.data; size_t nparams = f->type.fn.types.len - 1; if (nparams != c->args.len) { err_print(e->where, "Expected %lu arguments to function, but got %lu.", (unsigned long)nparams, (unsigned long)c->args.len); return false; } bool ret = true; for (size_t p = 0; p < nparams; p++) { Type *expected = ¶m_types[p]; Type *got = &args[p].type; if (!type_eq(expected, got)) { ret = false; char *estr = type_to_str(expected); char *gstr = type_to_str(got); err_print(args[p].where, "Expected type %s as %lu%s argument to function, but got %s.", estr, 1+(unsigned long)p, ordinals(1+p), gstr); } } if (!ret) return false; *t = *ret_type; break; } case EXPR_BLOCK: { Block *b = &e->block; if (!types_block(tr, b)) return false; if (b->ret_expr) { *t = b->ret_expr->type; } else { t->kind = TYPE_VOID; } } break; case EXPR_DIRECT: t->kind = TYPE_UNKNOWN; arr_foreach(&e->direct.args, Expression, arg) { if (!types_expr(tr, arg)) return false; } switch (e->direct.which) { case DIRECT_C: { size_t n_args = e->direct.args.len; if (n_args != 1) { err_print(e->where, "#C call should have one string argument (got %lu arguments).", (unsigned long)n_args); return false; } /* TODO: when string types are added, check */ } break; case DIRECT_COUNT: assert(0); return false; } break; case EXPR_UNARY_OP: { Expression *of = e->unary.of; Type *of_type = &of->type; if (!types_expr(tr, e->unary.of)) return false; switch (e->unary.op) { case UNARY_MINUS: if (of_type->kind != TYPE_BUILTIN || !type_builtin_is_numerical(of_type->builtin)) { char *s = type_to_str(of_type); err_print(e->where, "Cannot apply unary - to non-numerical type %s.", s); free(s); return false; } *t = *of_type; break; case UNARY_ADDRESS: if (!expr_must_lval(of)) { err_print(e->where, "Cannot take address of non-lvalue."); /* FEATURE: better err */ return false; } t->kind = TYPE_PTR; t->ptr.of = err_malloc(sizeof *t->ptr.of); /* OPTIM */ *t->ptr.of = *of_type; break; case UNARY_DEREF: if (of_type->kind != TYPE_PTR) { char *s = type_to_str(of_type); err_print(e->where, "Cannot dereference non-pointer type %s.", s); free(s); return false; } *t = *of_type->ptr.of; break; } } break; case EXPR_BINARY_OP: { Type *lhs_type = &e->binary.lhs->type; Type *rhs_type = &e->binary.rhs->type; if (!types_expr(tr, e->binary.lhs) || !types_expr(tr, e->binary.rhs)) return false; switch (e->binary.op) { case BINARY_SET: if (!expr_must_lval(e->binary.lhs)) { err_print(e->where, "You can only assign to an lvalue."); /* FEATURE: better err */ return false; } /* fallthrough */ case BINARY_PLUS: case BINARY_MINUS: case BINARY_MUL: case BINARY_DIV: { bool match = true; if (e->binary.op != BINARY_SET) { /* numerical binary ops */ if (lhs_type->kind != rhs_type->kind) { match = false; } else if (lhs_type->kind != TYPE_BUILTIN) { match = false; } else if (!type_builtin_is_numerical(lhs_type->builtin) || !type_builtin_is_numerical(rhs_type->builtin)) { match = false; } } if (match) { if (e->binary.op == BINARY_SET) { /* type of x = y is always void */ t->kind = TYPE_VOID; break; } int lhs_is_flexible = lhs_type->flags & TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE; int rhs_is_flexible = rhs_type->flags & TYPE_FLAG_FLEXIBLE; if (lhs_is_flexible && rhs_is_flexible) { *t = *lhs_type; if (rhs_type->builtin == BUILTIN_F32) { /* promote to float */ t->builtin = BUILTIN_F32; } } else if (type_eq(lhs_type, rhs_type)) { if (!lhs_is_flexible) *t = *lhs_type; else *t = *rhs_type; } else { match = false; } } if (!match) { char *s1, *s2; s1 = type_to_str(lhs_type); s2 = type_to_str(rhs_type); const char *op = binary_op_to_str(e->binary.op); err_print(e->where, "Mismatched types to operator %s: %s and %s", op, s1, s2); return false; } break; } case BINARY_AT_INDEX: /* TODO(eventually): support non-builtin numerical (or even perhaps non-numerical) indices */ if (rhs_type->kind != TYPE_BUILTIN || !type_builtin_is_numerical(rhs_type->builtin)) { err_print(e->where, "The index of an array must be a builtin numerical type."); return false; } if (lhs_type->kind != TYPE_ARR) { err_print(e->where, "Trying to take index of non-array."); return false; } *t = *lhs_type->arr.of; break; case BINARY_COMMA: { t->kind = TYPE_TUPLE; Array *tup_types = &t->tuple; arr_create(tup_types, sizeof(Type)); if (lhs_type->kind == TYPE_TUPLE) { /* tuple, x => tuple */ arr_foreach(&lhs_type->tuple, Type, child) { *(Type*)arr_add(tup_types) = *child; } } else { *(Type*)arr_add(tup_types) = *lhs_type; } if (rhs_type->kind == TYPE_TUPLE) { /* x, tuple => tuple */ arr_foreach(&rhs_type->tuple, Type, child) { *(Type*)arr_add(tup_types) = *child; } } else { *(Type*)arr_add(tup_types) = *rhs_type; } } break; } } break; } return true; } static bool types_block(Typer *tr, Block *b) { bool success = true; Block *prev_block = tr->block; tr->block = b; if (!block_enter(b, &b->stmts)) return false; arr_foreach(&b->stmts, Statement, s) { if (!types_stmt(tr, s)) success = false; } if (success && b->ret_expr) { if (!types_expr(tr, b->ret_expr)) success = false; if (b->ret_expr->type.kind == TYPE_VOID) { err_print(b->ret_expr->where, "Cannot return void value."); success = false; } } block_exit(b, &b->stmts); tr->block = prev_block; return success; } static bool types_decl(Typer *tr, Declaration *d) { bool success = true; if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_FOUND_TYPE) goto ret; Declaration **dptr = arr_add(&tr->in_decls); *dptr = d; if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_ANNOTATES_TYPE) { /* type supplied */ assert(d->type.kind != TYPE_VOID); /* there's no way to annotate void */ if (!type_resolve(tr, &d->type)) { success = false; goto ret; } } if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_HAS_EXPR) { if (!types_expr(tr, &d->expr)) { success = false; goto ret; } if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_ANNOTATES_TYPE) { if (!type_must_eq(d->expr.where, &d->type, &d->expr.type)) { success = false; goto ret; } } else { if (d->expr.type.kind == TYPE_VOID) { /* e.g. x := (fn(){})(); */ err_print(d->expr.where, "Use of void value."); success = false; goto ret; } d->type = d->expr.type; } if (d->flags & DECL_FLAG_CONST) { if (!d->val) { d->val = err_malloc(sizeof *d->val); /* OPTIM */ if (!eval_expr(&d->expr, d->val)) { success = false; goto ret; } } } } d->flags |= DECL_FLAG_FOUND_TYPE; ret: arr_remove_last(&tr->in_decls); return success; } static bool types_stmt(Typer *tr, Statement *s) { switch (s->kind) { case STMT_EXPR: if (!types_expr(tr, &s->expr)) { return false; } break; case STMT_DECL: if (!types_decl(tr, &s->decl)) return false; break; case STMT_RET: if (!tr->ret_type) { err_print(s->where, "return outside of a function."); return false; } if (s->ret.flags & RET_FLAG_EXPR) { if (tr->ret_type->kind == TYPE_VOID) { err_print(s->where, "Return value in void function."); return false; } if (!types_expr(tr, &s->ret.expr)) return false; } else { if (tr->ret_type->kind != TYPE_VOID) { err_print(s->where, "No return value in non-void function."); return false; } } break; } return true; } static void typer_create(Typer *tr) { tr->block = NULL; arr_create(&tr->in_decls, sizeof(Declaration *)); } static bool types_file(ParsedFile *f) { Typer tr; typer_create(&tr); arr_foreach(&f->stmts, Statement, s) { if (!types_stmt(&tr, s)) { return false; } } return true; }