/*!
\file
\brief VARIOUS DATA STRUCTURES

- dynamic array
- string builder
- string hash table

You can just #include this file -- it's not huge, the functions are all static, and
any reasonable compiler will ignore the unused code.

functions in this file suffixed with _ are not meant to be used outside here, unless you
know what you're doing

NOTE: even on 64-bit platforms, dynamic arrays can only hold ~2<sup>32</sup> elements.

IMPORTANT NOTE: If you are using this with structures containing `long double`s, do
       #define ARR_LONG_DOUBLE
 before including this file
 (otherwise the long doubles will not be aligned.
  this does mean that arrays waste 8 bytes of memory.
  which isnt important unless you're making a lot of arrays.)
*/

#ifndef DS_H_
#define DS_H_

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef uint32_t u32;
typedef uint8_t u8;

typedef union {
	long num;
	void *ptr;
	void (*fnptr)(void);
#ifdef ARR_LONG_DOUBLE
	long
#endif
	double flt;
} ArrMaxAlign;

typedef struct {
	u32 len;
	u32 cap;
	ArrMaxAlign data[];
} ArrHeader;

typedef struct {
	char *str;
	size_t len;
	uint64_t data[];
} StrHashTableSlot;

typedef StrHashTableSlot *StrHashTableSlotPtr;

typedef struct {
	StrHashTableSlot **slots;
	size_t data_size;
	size_t nentries; /* # of filled slots */
} StrHashTable;

typedef struct {
	// dynamic array, including a null byte.
	char *str;
} StrBuilder;


// watch out! do not call this function if arr is NULL.
static ArrHeader *arr_hdr_(void *arr) {
	return (ArrHeader *)((char *)arr - offsetof(ArrHeader, data));
}

static u32 arr_len(const void *arr) {
	return arr ? arr_hdr_((void*)arr)->len : 0;
}

static u32 arr_cap(void *arr) {
	return arr ? arr_hdr_(arr)->cap : 0;
}

static unsigned arr_lenu(void *arr) {
	return (unsigned)arr_len(arr);
}

// grow array to fit `count` more members
static void *arr_grow_(void *arr, size_t member_size, size_t count) {
	if (arr) {
		ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(arr);
		if (hdr->len + count > hdr->cap) {
			if ((u64)hdr->len + (u64)count >= U32_MAX / 2) {
				// array too large
				free(hdr);
				return NULL;
			}
			u32 new_capacity = (u32)(hdr->len + count) * 2;
			ArrHeader *old_hdr = hdr;
			hdr = (ArrHeader *)realloc(old_hdr, sizeof(ArrHeader) + new_capacity * member_size);
			if (hdr) {
				hdr->cap = new_capacity;
			} else {
				free(old_hdr);
				return NULL;
			}
		}
		return hdr->data;
	} else {
		// create a new array
		if (count >= U32_MAX / 2) {
			// array too large
			return NULL;
		}
		u32 initial_capacity = (u32)(count + 1);
		ArrHeader *ret = (ArrHeader *)calloc(1, sizeof(ArrHeader) + initial_capacity * member_size);
		if (ret) {
			ret->cap = initial_capacity;
			return ret->data;
		} else {
			return NULL;
		}
	}
}

// grow array to fit one more member
static void *arr_grow1_(void *arr, size_t member_size) {
	return arr_grow_(arr, member_size, 1);
}

static void *arr_add_ptr_(void **arr, size_t member_size) {
	u8 *ret;
	*arr = arr_grow1_(*arr, member_size);
	if (*arr) {
		ret = (u8 *)*arr + member_size * (arr_hdr_(*arr)->len++);
		memset(ret, 0, member_size);
	} else {
		ret = NULL;
	}
	return ret;
}

static void arr_reserve_(void **arr, size_t member_size, size_t n) {
	if (n >= U32_MAX-1) { 
		// too big; free arr.
		if (*arr) free(arr_hdr_(*arr));
		*arr = NULL;
		return;
	}
	
	if (n == 0) return;

	if (!*arr) {
		// create a new array with capacity n+1
		// why n+1? i dont know i wrote this a while ago
		ArrHeader *hdr = calloc(1, sizeof(ArrHeader) + (n+1) * member_size);
		if (hdr) {
			hdr->cap = (u32)n+1;
			*arr = hdr->data;
		}
	} else {
		// increase capacity of array
		ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(*arr);
		u32 curr_cap = hdr->cap;
		if (n > curr_cap) {
			ArrHeader *old_hdr = hdr;
			while (n > curr_cap) {
				if (curr_cap < U32_MAX/2)
					curr_cap *= 2;
				else
					curr_cap = U32_MAX;
			}
			hdr = realloc(hdr, sizeof(ArrHeader) + curr_cap * member_size);
			if (hdr) {
				hdr->cap = curr_cap;
			} else {
				// growing failed
				free(old_hdr);
				*arr = NULL;
				return;
			}
		}
		*arr = hdr->data;
	}
}

static void arr_set_len_(void **arr, size_t member_size, size_t n) {
	arr_reserve_(arr, member_size, n);
	if (*arr) {
		ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(*arr);
		if (n > hdr->len) {
			// zero new elements
			memset((char *)hdr->data + hdr->len * member_size, 0, (n - hdr->len) * member_size);
		}
		hdr->len = (u32)n;
	}
}

static void *arr_remove_(void *arr, size_t member_size, size_t index) {
	ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(arr);
	assert(index < hdr->len);
	memmove((char *)arr + index * member_size, (char *)arr + (index+1) * member_size, (hdr->len - (index+1)) * member_size);
	if (--hdr->len == 0) {
		free(hdr);
		return NULL;
	} else {
		return arr;
	}
}

static i32 arr_index_of_(void *arr, size_t member_size, const void *item) {
	if (!arr) return -1;
	
	ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(arr);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < hdr->len; ++i) {
		if (memcmp((const char *)arr + i * member_size, item, member_size) == 0)
			return (i32)i;
	}
	
	return -1;
}

static void *arr_remove_multiple_(void *arr, size_t member_size, size_t index, size_t count) {
	ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(arr);
	u32 old_len = hdr->len;
	if (index >= old_len) return arr;
	if (count > old_len - index)
		count = old_len - index;
	memmove((char *)arr + index * member_size,
		(char *)arr + (index + count) * member_size,
		(hdr->len - (index + count)) * member_size);
	hdr->len -= (u32)count;
	if (hdr->len == 0) {
		free(hdr);
		return NULL;
	} else {
		return arr;
	}
}

static void *arr_insert_multiple_(void *arr, size_t member_size, size_t index, size_t count) {
	if (count == 0) return arr;
	
	arr = arr_grow_(arr, member_size, count);
	if (!arr) return NULL;
	
	ArrHeader *hdr = arr_hdr_(arr);
	memmove((char *)arr + (index + count) * member_size,
		(char *)arr + index * member_size,
		(arr_len(arr) - index) * member_size);
	memset((char *)arr + index * member_size, 0, count * member_size);
	hdr->len += (u32)count;
	return arr;
}

static void *arr_copy_(const void *arr, size_t member_size) {
	void *new_arr = NULL;
	arr_set_len_(&new_arr, member_size, arr_len(arr));
	memcpy(new_arr, arr, member_size * arr_len(arr));
	return new_arr;
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define arr_cast_typeof(a) (decltype(a))
#elif defined __GNUC__
#define arr_cast_typeof(a) (__typeof__(a))
#else
#define arr_cast_typeof(a)
#endif

#define arr__join2(a,b) a##b
/// macro used internally
#define arr__join(a,b) arr__join2(a,b)
/// if the array is not NULL, free it and set it to NULL
#define arr_free(a) do { if (a) { free(arr_hdr_(a)); (a) = NULL; } } while (0)
/// a nice alias
#define arr_clear(a) arr_free(a)
/// add an item to the array - if allocation fails, the array will be freed and set to NULL.
/// (how this works: if we can successfully grow the array, increase the length and add the item.)
#define arr_add(a, x) do { if (((a) = arr_cast_typeof(a) arr_grow1_((a), sizeof *(a)))) ((a)[arr_hdr_(a)->len++] = (x)); } while (0)
/// like arr_add, but instead of passing it the value, it returns a pointer to the value. returns NULL if allocation failed.
/// the added item will be zero-initialized.
#define arr_addp(a) arr_cast_typeof(a) arr_add_ptr_((void **)&(a), sizeof *(a))
#define arr_qsort(a, cmp) qsort((a), arr_len(a), sizeof *(a), (cmp))
#define arr_remove_last(a) do { assert(a); if (--arr_hdr_(a)->len == 0) arr_free(a); } while (0)
#define arr_remove(a, i) (void)((a) = arr_remove_((a), sizeof *(a), (i)))
#define arr_remove_item(a, item) do { for (u32 _i = 0; _i < arr_len((a)); ++_i) if ((a)[_i] == item) { arr_remove((a), _i); break; } } while (0);
#define arr_index_of(a, item) (sizeof((a)[0] == (item)), arr_index_of_((a), sizeof *(a), &(item)))
#define arr_remove_multiple(a, i, n) (void)((a) = arr_remove_multiple_((a), sizeof *(a), (i), (n)))
#define arr_insert(a, i, x) do { u32 _index = (i); (a) = arr_cast_typeof(a) arr_grow1_((a), sizeof *(a)); \
	if (a) { memmove((a) + _index + 1, (a) + _index, (arr_len(a) - _index) * sizeof *(a));\
	(a)[_index] = x; \
	++arr_hdr_(a)->len; } } while (0)
/// insert `n` zeroed elements at index `i`
#define arr_insert_multiple(a, i, n) (void)((a) = arr_insert_multiple_((a), sizeof *(a), (i), (n)))
#define arr_pop_last(a) ((a)[--arr_hdr_(a)->len])
#define arr_size_in_bytes(a) (arr_len(a) * sizeof *(a))
#define arr_lastp(a) ((a) ? &(a)[arr_len(a)-1] : NULL)
#define arr_copy(a) arr_cast_typeof(a) arr_copy_((a), sizeof *(a))
#define arr_foreach_ptr_end(a, type, var, end) type *end = (a) + arr_len(a); \
	for (type *var = (a); var != end; ++var)
/// Iterate through each element of the array, setting `var` to a pointer to the element.
///
/// You can't use this like, e.g.:
/// ```
/// if (something)
///     arr_foreach_ptr(a, int, i)
///         thing(*i);
/// ```
/// You'll get an error. You will need to use braces because it expands to multiple statements.
/// (we need to name the end pointer something unique, which is why there's that `arr__join` thing
/// we can't just declare it inside the for loop, because type could be something like `char *`.)
#define arr_foreach_ptr(a, type, var) arr_foreach_ptr_end(a, type, var, arr__join(_foreach_end,__LINE__))
/// Reverse array.
///
/// You need to pass in the type because we don't have `typeof` in C yet (coming in C23 supposedly!)
#define arr_reverse(a, type) do { \
	u64 _i, _len = arr_len(a); \
	for (_i = 0; 2*_i < _len; ++_i) { \
		type *_x = &(a)[_i]; \
		type *_y = &(a)[_len-1-_i]; \
		type _tmp; \
		_tmp = *_x; \
		*_x = *_y; \
		*_y = _tmp; \
	} \
	} while (0)

/// Ensure that enough space is allocated for `n` elements.
#define arr_reserve(a, n) arr_reserve_((void **)&(a), sizeof *(a), (n)) 
/// set the length of `a` to `n`, increasing the capacity if necessary.
/// the newly-added elements are zero-initialized.
#define arr_set_len(a, n) arr_set_len_((void **)&(a), sizeof *(a), (n))

#ifndef NDEBUG
static void arr_test(void) {
	u32 *arr = NULL;
	u32 i;
	assert(arr_len(arr) == 0);
	for (i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
		arr_add(arr, i*i);
	}
	assert(arr_len(arr) == 10000);
	arr_remove_last(arr);
	assert(arr_len(arr) == 9999);
	for (i = 0; i < arr_len(arr); ++i)
		assert(arr[i] == i*i);
	while (arr_len(arr))
		arr_remove_last(arr);
	assert(arr_len(arr) == 0);
}
#endif

static void str_builder_create(StrBuilder *builder) {
	memset(builder, 0, sizeof *builder);
	arr_add(builder->str, 0);
}

static StrBuilder str_builder_new(void) {
	StrBuilder ret = {0};
	str_builder_create(&ret);
	return ret;
}

static void str_builder_free(StrBuilder *builder) {
	arr_free(builder->str);
}

static void str_builder_clear(StrBuilder *builder) {
	str_builder_free(builder);
	str_builder_create(builder);
}

static void str_builder_append(StrBuilder *builder, const char *s) {
	assert(builder->str);
	
	size_t s_len = strlen(s);
	size_t prev_size = arr_len(builder->str);
	size_t prev_len = prev_size - 1; // null terminator
	// note: this zeroes the newly created elements, so we have a new null terminator
	arr_set_len(builder->str, prev_size + s_len);
	memcpy(builder->str + prev_len, s, s_len);
}

static void str_builder_appendf(StrBuilder *builder, PRINTF_FORMAT_STRING const char *fmt, ...) ATTRIBUTE_PRINTF(2, 3);
static void str_builder_appendf(StrBuilder *builder, const char *fmt, ...) {
	// idk if you can always just pass NULL to vsnprintf
	va_list args;
	char fakebuf[2] = {0};
	va_start(args, fmt);
	int ret = vsnprintf(fakebuf, 1, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	
	if (ret < 0) return; // bad format or something
	u32 n = (u32)ret;
	
	size_t prev_size = arr_len(builder->str);
	size_t prev_len = prev_size - 1; // null terminator
	arr_set_len(builder->str, prev_size + n);
	va_start(args, fmt);
	vsnprintf(builder->str + prev_len, n + 1, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}

// append n null bytes.
static void str_builder_append_null(StrBuilder *builder, size_t n) {
	arr_set_len(builder->str, arr_len(builder->str) + n);
}

static u32 str_builder_len(StrBuilder *builder) {
	assert(builder->str);
	return arr_len(builder->str) - 1;
}

static char *str_builder_get_ptr(StrBuilder *builder, size_t index) {
	assert(index <= str_builder_len(builder));
	return &builder->str[index];
}

static void str_builder_shrink(StrBuilder *builder, size_t new_len) {
	if (new_len > str_builder_len(builder)) {
		assert(0);
		return;
	}
	arr_set_len(builder->str, new_len + 1);
}


static uint64_t str_hash(const char *str, size_t len) {
	uint64_t hash = 0;
	const char *p = str, *end = str + len;
	for (; p < end; ++p) {
		hash = ((hash * 1664737020647550361 + 123843) << 8) + 2918635993572506131*(uint64_t)*p;
	}
	return hash;
}

static void str_hash_table_create(StrHashTable *t, size_t data_size) {
	t->slots = NULL;
	t->data_size = data_size;
	t->nentries = 0;
}

static StrHashTableSlot **str_hash_table_slot_get(StrHashTableSlot **slots, const char *s, size_t s_len, size_t i) {
	StrHashTableSlot **slot;
	size_t slots_cap = arr_len(slots);
	while (1) {
		assert(i < slots_cap);
		slot = &slots[i];
		if (!*slot) break;
		if (s && (*slot)->str &&
			s_len == (*slot)->len && memcmp(s, (*slot)->str, s_len) == 0)
			break;
		i = (i+1) % slots_cap;
	}
	return slot;
}

static void str_hash_table_grow(StrHashTable *t) {
	size_t slots_cap = arr_len(t->slots);
	if (slots_cap <= 2 * t->nentries) {
		StrHashTableSlot **new_slots = NULL;
		size_t new_slots_cap = slots_cap * 2 + 10;
		arr_set_len(new_slots, new_slots_cap);
		memset(new_slots, 0, new_slots_cap * sizeof *new_slots);
		arr_foreach_ptr(t->slots, StrHashTableSlotPtr, slotp) {
			StrHashTableSlot *slot = *slotp;
			if (slot) {
				uint64_t new_hash = str_hash(slot->str, slot->len);
				StrHashTableSlot **new_slot = str_hash_table_slot_get(new_slots, slot->str, slot->len, new_hash % new_slots_cap);
				*new_slot = slot;
			}
		}
		arr_clear(t->slots);
		t->slots = new_slots;
	}
}

static size_t str_hash_table_slot_size(StrHashTable *t) {
	return sizeof(StrHashTableSlot) + ((t->data_size + sizeof(uint64_t) - 1) / sizeof(uint64_t)) * sizeof(uint64_t);
}

static StrHashTableSlot *str_hash_table_insert_(StrHashTable *t, const char *str, size_t len) {
	size_t slots_cap;
	uint64_t hash;
	StrHashTableSlot **slot;
	str_hash_table_grow(t);
	slots_cap = arr_len(t->slots);
	hash = str_hash(str, len);
	slot = str_hash_table_slot_get(t->slots, str, len, hash % slots_cap);
	if (!*slot) {
		*slot = calloc(1, str_hash_table_slot_size(t));
		char *s = (*slot)->str = calloc(1, len + 1);
		memcpy(s, str, len);
		(*slot)->len = len;
		++t->nentries;
	}
	return *slot;
}

// does NOT check for a null byte.
static void *str_hash_table_insert_with_len(StrHashTable *t, const char *str, size_t len) {
	return str_hash_table_insert_(t, str, len)->data;
}

static void *str_hash_table_insert(StrHashTable *t, const char *str) {
	return str_hash_table_insert_(t, str, strlen(str))->data;
}

static void str_hash_table_clear(StrHashTable *t) {
	arr_foreach_ptr(t->slots, StrHashTableSlotPtr, slotp) {
		if (*slotp) {
			free((*slotp)->str);
		}
		free(*slotp);
	}
	arr_clear(t->slots);
	t->nentries = 0;
}

static StrHashTableSlot *str_hash_table_get_(StrHashTable *t, const char *str, size_t len) {
	size_t nslots = arr_len(t->slots), slot_index;
	if (!nslots) return NULL;
	slot_index = str_hash(str, len) % arr_len(t->slots);
	return *str_hash_table_slot_get(t->slots, str, len, slot_index);
}

static void *str_hash_table_get_with_len(StrHashTable *t, const char *str, size_t len) {
	StrHashTableSlot *slot = str_hash_table_get_(t, str, len);
	if (!slot) return NULL;
	return slot->data;
}

static void *str_hash_table_get(StrHashTable *t, const char *str) {
	return str_hash_table_get_with_len(t, str, strlen(str));
}

#endif