function sign_extend_32_to_64
	argument n
	local c
	c = n > 31
	n |= c * 0xffffffff00000000
	return n

; round up to nearest multiple of 8
function round_up_to_8
	argument n
	n += 7
	return n & 0xfffffffffffffff8

; multiply two 64-bit signed numbers to a 128-bit number
function full_multiply_signed
	argument a
	argument b
	argument p_lower
	argument p_upper
	local lower
	local upper
	
	lower = a * b
	; mov rax, rdx
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xd0
	; mov [rbp-48] (upper), rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xd0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	*8p_lower = lower
	*8p_upper = upper
	return


function divmod_unsigned
	argument a
	argument b
	argument p_quotient
	argument p_remainder
	local q
	local r
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-16]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xf0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	; mov rbx, rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc3
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-8]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xf8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	; xor edx, edx
	byte 0x31
	byte 0xd2
	
	; div rbx
	byte 0x48
	byte 0xf7
	byte 0xf3
	
	; mov [rbp-40], rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xd8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	; mov rax, rdx
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xd0
	
	; mov [rbp-48], rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xd0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	*8p_quotient = q
	*8p_remainder = r
	
	return

; allows for negative shifts
function right_shift
	argument x
	argument n
	if n < 0 goto right_shift_negative
	return x > n
	:right_shift_negative
	n = 0 - n
	return x < n

; allows for negative shifts
function left_shift
	argument x
	argument n
	if n < 0 goto right_shift_negative
	return x < n
	:left_shift_negative
	n = 0 - n
	return x > n

function max_signed
	argument a
	argument b
	if a > b goto maxs_return_a
	return b
	:maxs_return_a
	return a
	
function file_error
	argument name
	puts(.str_file_error)
	puts(name)
	putc(10)
	exit(1)

:str_file_error
	string Error opening file:
	byte 32
	byte 0

function die
	argument message
	puts(message)
	putc(10)
	exit(1)

function ftruncate
	argument fd
	argument length
	local x
	x = syscall(77, fd, length)
	if x != 0 goto ftruncate_failed
	return
	
:ftruncate_failed
	puts(.str_ftruncate_failed)
	exit(1)
:str_ftruncate_failed
	string ftruncated failed.
	byte 10
	byte 0

function mmap
	argument addr
	argument length
	argument prot
	argument flags
	argument fd
	argument offset
	return syscall(9, addr, length, prot, flags, fd, offset)

function munmap
	argument addr
	argument length
	return syscall(11, addr, length)

#define PROT_READ 1
#define PROT_WRITE 2
#define PROT_READ_WRITE 3
#define MAP_SHARED 0x01
#define MAP_PRIVATE_ANONYMOUS 0x22

function malloc
	argument size
	local total_size
	local memory
	total_size = size + 8
	memory = mmap(0, total_size, PROT_READ_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0)
	if memory ] 0xffffffffffff0000 goto malloc_failed
	*8memory = total_size
	return memory + 8

:malloc_failed
	puts(.str_out_of_memory)
	exit(1)
	
:str_out_of_memory
	string Out of memory.
	byte 10
	byte 0

function free
	argument memory
	local psize
	local size
	psize = memory - 8
	size = *8psize
	munmap(psize, size)
	return

; returns a pointer to a null-terminated string containing the
; (unsigned) number given
function itos
	global 32 itos_string
	argument x
	local c
	local p
	p = &itos_string
	p += 30
	:itos_loop
		divmod_unsigned(x, 10, &x, &c)
		c += '0
		*1p = c
		if x == 0 goto itos_loop_end
		p -= 1
		goto itos_loop
	:itos_loop_end
	return p

; returns the number in the given base at the start of the string, advancing the string past it.
function strtoi
	argument p_s
	argument base
	local s
	local c
	local n
	n = 0
	s = *8p_s
	:strtoi_loop
		c = *1s
		if c < '0 goto strtoi_loop_end
		if c <= '9 goto strtoi_decimal_digit
		if c < 'A goto strtoi_loop_end
		if c <= 'F goto strtoi_upper_hexdigit
		if c < 'a goto strtoi_loop_end
		if c <= 'f goto strtoi_lower_hexdigit
		goto strtoi_loop_end
		
		:strtoi_decimal_digit
			c -= '0
			goto strtoi_digit
		:strtoi_upper_hexdigit
			c += 10 - 'A
			goto strtoi_digit
		:strtoi_lower_hexdigit
			c += 10 - 'a
			goto strtoi_digit
		:strtoi_digit
			if c >= base goto strtoi_loop_end
			n *= base
			n += c
			s += 1
			goto strtoi_loop
			
	:strtoi_loop_end
	*8p_s = s
	return n
	
; returns the decimal number at the start of the given string
function stoi
	argument s
	return strtoi(&s, 10)

function memchr
	argument mem
	argument c
	local p
	p = mem
	:memchr_loop
		if *1p == c goto memchr_loop_end
		p += 1
		goto memchr_loop
	:memchr_loop_end
	return p

function strchr
	argument str
	argument c
	local p
	p = str
	:strchr_loop
		if *1p == 0 goto return_0
		if *1p == c goto strchr_loop_end
		p += 1
		goto strchr_loop
	:strchr_loop_end
	return p

; copy from *p_src to *p_dest until terminator is reached, setting both to point to their respective terminators
function memccpy_advance
	argument p_dest
	argument p_src
	argument terminator
	local src
	local dest
	local c
	src = *8p_src
	dest = *8p_dest
	:memccpy_advance_loop
		c = *1src
		*1dest = c
		if c == terminator goto memccpy_advance_loop_end
		src += 1
		dest += 1
		goto memccpy_advance_loop
	:memccpy_advance_loop_end
	*8p_src = src
	*8p_dest = dest
	return

; copy from src to dest until terminator is reached, returning pointer to terminator in dest.
function memccpy
	argument dest
	argument src
	argument terminator
	memccpy_advance(&dest, &src, terminator)
	return dest

; like C, but doesn't return anything
;   also, you can copy overlapping regions as long as dest < src.
function memcpy
	argument dest
	argument src
	argument n
	local p
	local q
	p = dest
	q = src
	:memcpy_loop
		if n == 0 goto return_0
		*1p = *1q
		p += 1
		q += 1
		n -= 1
		goto memcpy_loop

; like C, but doesn't return anything
function memset
	argument dest
	argument c
	argument n
	:memset_loop
		if n == 0 goto return_0
		*1dest = c
		dest += 1
		n -= 1
		goto memset_loop

function strlen
	argument s
	local p
	p = s
	:strlen_loop
		if *1p == 0 goto strlen_loop_end
		p += 1
		goto strlen_loop
	:strlen_loop_end
	return p - s

; like C strcpy, but returns a pointer to the terminating null character in dest
function strcpy
	argument dest
	argument src
	local p
	local q
	local c
	p = dest
	q = src
	:strcpy_loop
		c = *1q
		*1p = c
		if c == 0 goto strcpy_loop_end
		p += 1
		q += 1
		goto strcpy_loop
	:strcpy_loop_end
	return p

function str_equals
	argument a
	argument b
	local c
	local d
	:str_equals_loop
		c = *1a
		d = *1b
		if c != d goto return_0
		if c == 0 goto return_1
		a += 1
		b += 1
		goto str_equals_loop

function str_startswith
	argument s
	argument prefix
	local p
	local q
	local c1
	local c2
	p = s
	q = prefix
	:str_startswith_loop
		c1 = *1p
		c2 = *1q
		if c2 == 0 goto return_1
		if c1 != c2 goto return_0
		p += 1
		q += 1
		goto str_startswith_loop

function fputs
	argument fd
	argument s
	local length
	length = strlen(s)
	syscall(1, fd, s, length)
	return

function puts
	argument s
	fputs(1, s)
	return

function putsln
	argument s
	fputs(1, s)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return


function print_separator
	fputs(1, .str_separator)
	return

:str_separator
	byte 10
	string ------------------------------------------------
	byte 10
	byte 0

function fputn
	argument fd
	argument n
	local s
	s = itos(n)
	fputs(fd, s)
	return

function fputn_signed
	argument fd
	argument n
	if n < 0 goto fputn_negative
		fputn(fd, n)
		return
	:fputn_negative
		fputc(fd, '-)
		n = 0 - n
		fputn(fd, n)
		return

; like fputn_signed, but include the sign even if it's zero or positive		
function fputn_with_sign
	argument fd
	argument n
	if n < 0 goto fputn_with_sign_negative
		fputc(fd, '+)
		fputn(fd, n)
		return
	:fputn_with_sign_negative
		fputc(fd, '-)
		n = 0 - n
		fputn(fd, n)
		return
		
:hex_digits
	string 0123456789abcdef

function fputx64
	argument fd
	argument n
	local m
	local x
	m = 60
	:fputx64_loop
		x = n > m
		x &= 0xf
		x += .hex_digits
		fputc(fd, *1x)
		m -= 4
		if m >= 0 goto fputx64_loop
	return
function putx64
	argument n
	fputx64(1, n)
	return
function putx64ln
	argument n
	fputx64(1, n)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return
	
function fputx32
	argument fd
	argument n
	local m
	local x
	m = 28
	:fputx32_loop
		x = n > m
		x &= 0xf
		x += .hex_digits
		fputc(fd, *1x)
		m -= 4
		if m >= 0 goto fputx32_loop
	return
function putx32
	argument n
	fputx32(1, n)
	return
function putx32ln
	argument n
	fputx32(1, n)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return
function fputx32ln
	argument fd
	argument n
	fputx32(fd, n)
	fputc(fd, 10)
	return

function putn
	argument n
	fputn(1, n)
	return

function putn_signed
	argument n
	fputn_signed(1, n)
	return

function putn_with_sign
	argument n
	fputn_with_sign(1, n)
	return

function putnln
	argument n
	fputn(1, n)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return

function putnln_signed
	argument n
	fputn_signed(1, n)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return

function putnln_with_sign
	argument n
	fputn_with_sign(1, n)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return

function fputc
	argument fd
	argument c
	syscall(1, fd, &c, 1)
	return

function putc
	argument c
	fputc(1, c)
	return
function putcln
	argument c
	fputc(1, c)
	fputc(1, 10)
	return

; returns 0 at end of file
function fgetc
	argument fd
	local c
	c = 0
	syscall(0, fd, &c, 1)
	return c

; read a line from fd as a null-terminated string
; returns 0 at end of file, 1 otherwise
function fgets
	argument fd
	argument buf
	argument size
	local p
	local end
	local c
	p = buf
	end = buf + size
	
	:fgets_loop
		c = fgetc(fd)
		if c == 0 goto fgets_eof
		if c == 10 goto fgets_eol
		*1p = c
		p += 1
		if p == end goto fgets_eob
		goto fgets_loop
		
	:fgets_eol ; end of line
	*1p = 0
	return 1
	:fgets_eof ; end of file
	*1p = 0
	return 0
	:fgets_eob ; end of buffer
	p -= 1
	*1p = 0
	return 1

; open the given file for reading
function open_r
	argument filename
	local fd
	fd = syscall(2, filename, 0)
	if fd < 0 goto open_r_error
		return fd
	:open_r_error
		file_error(filename)
		return -1

; open the given file for writing with the given mode
function open_w
	argument filename
	argument mode
	local fd
	fd = syscall(2, filename, 0x241, mode)
	if fd < 0 goto open_w_error
		return fd
	:open_w_error
		file_error(filename)
		return -1

; open the given file for reading and writing with the given mode
function open_rw
	argument filename
	argument mode
	local fd
	fd = syscall(2, filename, 0x242, mode)
	if fd < 0 goto open_rw_error
		return fd
	:open_rw_error
		file_error(filename)
		return -1
	
function close
	argument fd
	syscall(3, fd)
	return

#define SEEK_SET 0
#define SEEK_CUR 1
#define SEEK_END 2

function lseek
	argument fd
	argument offset
	argument whence
	return syscall(8, fd, offset, whence)

function isupper
	argument c
	if c < 'A goto return_0
	if c <= 'Z goto return_1
	goto return_0

function islower
	argument c
	if c < 'a goto return_0
	if c <= 'z goto return_1
	goto return_0

function isdigit
	argument c
	if c < '0 goto return_0
	if c <= '9 goto return_1
	goto return_0

function isoctdigit
	argument c
	if c < '0 goto return_0
	if c <= '7 goto return_1
	goto return_0	

function isalpha
	argument c
	if c < 'A goto return_0
	if c <= 'Z goto return_1
	if c < 'a goto return_0
	if c <= 'z goto return_1
	goto return_0

; characters which can start identifiers in C
function isalpha_or_underscore
	argument c
	if c < 'A goto return_0
	if c <= 'Z goto return_1
	if c == '_ goto return_1
	if c < 'a goto return_0
	if c <= 'z goto return_1
	goto return_0

; characters which can appear in identifiers in C
function isalnum_or_underscore
	argument c
	if c < '0 goto return_0
	if c <= '9 goto return_1
	if c < 'A goto return_0
	if c <= 'Z goto return_1
	if c == '_ goto return_1
	if c < 'a goto return_0
	if c <= 'z goto return_1
	goto return_0

; is the given character one of:
;   .0123456789
; (these are the characters which can appear at the start of a number in C)
function isdigit_or_dot
	argument c
	if c < '. goto return_0
	if c == '. goto return_1
	if c < '0 goto return_0
	if c <= '9 goto return_1
	goto return_0

function exit
	argument status_code
	syscall(0x3c, status_code)

; return index of leftmost bit
; error on 0
function leftmost_1bit
	argument x
	local i
	local b
	if x == 0 goto leftmost1bit_0
	
	i = 63
	:leftmost1bit_loop
		b = 1 < i
		b &= x
		if b != 0 goto leftmost1bit_found
		i -= 1
		goto leftmost1bit_loop
	:leftmost1bit_found
		return i
	:leftmost1bit_0
		puts(.str_leftmost1bit_0)
		exit(1)
	:str_leftmost1bit_0
		string 0 passed to leftmost_1bit.
		byte 0

:empty_string
	byte 0

:return_0
	return 0
:return_1
	return 1
:return_2
	return 2
:return_3
	return 3
:return_4
	return 4
:return_5
	return 5
:return_6
	return 6
:return_7
	return 7
:return_8
	return 8
:return_9
	return 9
:return_minus1
	return -1
:return_0x10
	return 0x10
:return_0x20
	return 0x20
:return_0x30
	return 0x30
:return_0x40
	return 0x40
:return_0x50
	return 0x50
:return_0x60
	return 0x60
:return_0x70
	return 0x70
:return_0x80
	return 0x80
:return_0x90
	return 0x90
:return_0xa0
	return 0xa0
:return_0xb0
	return 0xb0
:return_0xc0
	return 0xc0
:return_0xd0
	return 0xd0
:return_0xd8
	return 0xd8
:return_0xe0
	return 0xe0
:return_0xf0
	return 0xf0
:return_0xffff
	return 0xffff

function syscall
	; I've done some testing, and this should be okay even if
	; rbp-56 goes beyond the end of the stack.
	; mov rax, [rbp-16]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xf0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov rdi, rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc7
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-24]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xe8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov rsi, rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc6
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-32]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xe0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov rdx, rax
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc2
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-40]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xd8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov r10, rax
	byte 0x49
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc2
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-48]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xd0
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov r8, rax
	byte 0x49
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc0
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-56]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xc8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	; mov r9, rax
	byte 0x49
	byte 0x89
	byte 0xc1
	
	; mov rax, [rbp-8]
	byte 0x48
	byte 0x8b
	byte 0x85
	byte 0xf8
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	byte 0xff
	
	; syscall
	byte 0x0f
	byte 0x05
	
	return