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diff --git a/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html b/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e40532e --- /dev/null +++ b/05/tcc-0.9.25/tcc-doc.html @@ -0,0 +1,2241 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"> +<html> +<!-- Created on May, 18 2009 by texi2html 1.78 --> +<!-- +Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) + Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de> + and many others. +Maintained by: Many creative people. +Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> + +--> +<head> +<title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title> + +<meta name="description" content="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation"> +<meta name="keywords" content="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation"> +<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> +<meta name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.78"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} +pre.display {font-family: serif} +pre.format {font-family: serif} +pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} +pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} +pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} +pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} +span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal;} +span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal;} +ul.toc {list-style: none} +--> +</style> + + +</head> + +<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> + +<a name="Top"></a> +<a name="SEC_Top"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1> + +<p>This manual documents version of the Tiny C Compiler. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Introduction to tcc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invocation of tcc (command line, options). +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> ANSI C and extensions. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assembler syntax. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Output file generation and supported targets. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic bounds-checking of C code. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The libtcc library. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guide for Developers. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr size="1"> +<a name="Introduction"></a> +<a name="SEC1"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[ << ]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 1. Introduction </h1> + +<p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C +compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an +external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you. +</p> +<p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may +not be necessary. +</p> +<p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99 +standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly. +</p> +<p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source +that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that +your script will be as fast as if it was an executable. +</p> +<p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks +(see section <a href="#SEC21">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do +these checks even if non patched libraries are used. +</p> +<p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code +generation (see section <a href="#SEC22">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>). +</p> +<p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha +ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets +(<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at +<a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>. +</p> +<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="Invoke"></a> +<a name="SEC2"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 2. Command line invocation </h1> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC3"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 2.1 Quick start </h2> + +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>…] [‘<samp>-run</samp>’ <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>…] +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC +can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime +arguments. +</p> +<p>Here are some examples to understand the logic: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and execute it directly +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to +the <code>main()</code> of a.c. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given +as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>link ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.o</tt>’ together and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and generate object file ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble ‘<tt>asmfile.S</tt>’ and generate +object file ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) ‘<tt>asmfile.s</tt>’ and generate object file +‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt> +<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and generate the object file ‘<tt>ab.o</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Scripting: +</p> +<p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just +need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run +#include <stdio.h> + +int main() +{ + printf("Hello World\n"); + return 0; +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when ‘<samp>-</samp>’ is used in +place of ‘<samp>infile</samp>’. Example: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run - +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC4"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 2.2 Option summary </h2> + +<p>General Options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-v</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Display current TCC version, increase verbosity. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-c</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate an object file (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-o outfile</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file ‘<tt>outfile</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Bdir</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries can be found (default is +‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>’). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-bench</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Output compilation statistics. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments +<var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a +script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the +‘<samp>-run</samp>’ option, separated by spaces. Example: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>In a script, it gives the following header: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 +#include <stdlib.h> +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + ... +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Preprocessor options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Idir</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the +order they are specified. +</p> +<p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system +include paths are: ‘<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/include</tt>’ +and ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>’. (‘<tt>PREFIX</tt>’ is usually +‘<tt>/usr</tt>’ or ‘<tt>/usr/local</tt>’). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’ to +val. If val is not present, its value is ‘<samp>1</samp>’. Function-like macros can +also be defined: ‘<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>’ +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Usym</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’. +</p></dd> +</dl> + +<p>Compilation flags: +</p> +<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with +‘<samp>-fno-</samp>’. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-fno-common</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Warning options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-w</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Disable all warnings. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with +‘<samp>-Wno-</samp>’. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char +*</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wall</samp>’ </dt> +<dd><p>Activate all warnings, except ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’, ‘<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>’ and +‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Linker options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Ldir</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the ‘<samp>-l</samp>’ option. The +default library paths are ‘<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/lib</tt>’ and ‘<tt>/lib</tt>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-lxxx</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library +libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the +‘<samp>-L</samp>’ option. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-shared</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option +must also be given). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-static</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked +executable) (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-rdynamic</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library +opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-r</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must +also be given). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-Ttext,address</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Set the start of the .text section to <var>address</var>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,--oformat,fmt</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are: +</p><dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt> +<dd><p>ELF output format (default) +</p></dd> +<dt> <code>binary</code></dt> +<dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output) +</p></dd> +<dt> <code>coff</code></dt> +<dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target) +</p></dd> +</dl> + +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Debugger options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> ‘<samp>-g</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time +error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing +invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation +fault</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-b</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Generate additional support code to check +memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ is implied. Note +that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> ‘<samp>-bt N</samp>’</dt> +<dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ or +‘<samp>-b</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p>Note: GCC options ‘<samp>-Ox</samp>’, ‘<samp>-fx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-mx</samp>’ are +ignored. +</p> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="Clang"></a> +<a name="SEC5"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 3. C language support </h1> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC6"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 3.1 ANSI C </h2> + +<p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields +and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and +<code>float</code> fully supported). +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC7"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </h2> + +<p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently +missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length +arrays. +</p> +<p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features: +</p> +<ul class="toc"> +<li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported. + +</li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported. + +</li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current +function name. + +</li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for + function-like macros: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__) +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters. +</p> +</li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++). + +</li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by + using designators: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 }; + + int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9}; +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li><li> Compound initializers are supported: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 }; +</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same +works for structures and strings. +</p> +</li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 0x1234p10; +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>is the same as writing +</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 4771840.0; +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored. + +</li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored. +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC8"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 3.3 GNU C extensions </h2> + +<p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions: +</p> +<ul class="toc"> +<li> array designators can be used without '=': +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 }; +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li><li> Structure field designators can be a label: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1}; +</pre></td></tr></table> +<p>instead of +</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1}; +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27. + +</li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> switch(a) { + case 1 … 9: + printf("range 1 to 9\n"); + break; + default: + printf("unexpected\n"); + break; + } +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<a name="IDX1"></a> +<a name="IDX2"></a> +<a name="IDX3"></a> +<a name="IDX4"></a> +<a name="IDX5"></a> +<a name="IDX6"></a> +<a name="IDX7"></a> +<a name="IDX8"></a> + +</li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or +function attributes. The following attributes are supported: + +<ul class="toc"> +<li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes +(must be a power of two). + + </li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to + 1. + + </li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section +name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default +section. + + </li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused. + + </li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default). + + </li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention. + + </li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be +between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in +registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>. + + </li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only) + +</li></ul> + +<p>Here are some examples: +</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection"))); +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>. +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection"))) + { + return a + b; + } +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>. +</p> +</li><li> GNU style variadic macros: +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(fmt, args…) printf(fmt, ## args) + + dprintf("no arg\n"); + dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1); +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code> +(so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC +where it is a string literal). + +</li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code> +to get the alignment of a type or an expression. + +</li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>. +<code>x</code> is an expression or a type. + +</li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&&label</code> returns a pointer of type +<code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be +used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>. + +</li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction: +<a name="IDX9"></a> +<a name="IDX10"></a> +<a name="IDX11"></a> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n) +{ +int d0, d1, d2; +__asm__ __volatile__( + "rep ; movsl\n\t" + "testb $2,%b4\n\t" + "je 1f\n\t" + "movsw\n" + "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t" + "je 2f\n\t" + "movsb\n" + "2:" + : "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2) + :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from) + : "memory"); +return (to); +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<a name="IDX12"></a> +<p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU +assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named +operands are supported. +</p> +</li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code> +are supported. + +</li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility. + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC9"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </h2> + +<ul class="toc"> +<li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to +indicate that you use TCC. + +</li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting. + +</li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of +<code>5</code>). + +</li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated. + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="asm"></a> +<a name="SEC10"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 4. TinyCC Assembler </h1> + +<p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC +assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can +desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable +(the C compiler does not rely on the assembler). +</p> +<p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with ‘<tt>.S</tt>’ (C +preprocessed assembler) and ‘<tt>.s</tt>’ extensions. It is also used to +handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC11"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 4.1 Syntax </h2> + +<p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the +same as C. +</p> +<ul class="toc"> +<li> C and C++ comments are supported. + +</li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'. + +</li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported. + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC12"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 4.2 Expressions </h2> + +<ul class="toc"> +<li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported. + +</li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~. + +</li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order: + +<ol> +<li> *, /, % +</li><li> &, |, ^ +</li><li> +, - +</li></ol> + +</li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset. +All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be +used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they +are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section. + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC13"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 4.3 Labels </h2> + +<ul class="toc"> +<li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones. + +</li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels. +They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b' +(backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them: + +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> 1: + jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */ + jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */ + 1: +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC14"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 4.4 Directives </h2> + +<p>All directives are preceeded by a '.'. The following directives are +supported: +</p> +<ul class="toc"> +<li> .align n[,value] +</li><li> .skip n[,value] +</li><li> .space n[,value] +</li><li> .byte value1[,...] +</li><li> .word value1[,...] +</li><li> .short value1[,...] +</li><li> .int value1[,...] +</li><li> .long value1[,...] +</li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...] +</li><li> .globl symbol +</li><li> .global symbol +</li><li> .section section +</li><li> .text +</li><li> .data +</li><li> .bss +</li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]] +</li><li> .org n +</li><li> .previous +</li><li> .string string[,...] +</li><li> .asciz string[,...] +</li><li> .ascii string[,...] +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC15"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 4.5 X86 Assembler </h2> + +<p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source +then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC +tries to guess it from the operand sizes. +</p> +<p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="linker"></a> +<a name="SEC16"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 5. TinyCC Linker </h1> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC17"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 5.1 ELF file generation </h2> + +<p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files), +executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an +external linker. +</p> +<p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate +position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library +code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet. +</p> +<p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is +done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and +libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping +options (‘<samp>--start-group</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--end-group</samp>’) are supported. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC18"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 5.2 ELF file loader </h2> + +<p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic +libraries (.so). +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC19"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </h2> + +<p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It +generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files. +</p> +<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC20"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </h2> + +<p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as +‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!), +the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts. +</p> +<p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> +and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored. +</p> +<p>Example from ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’: +</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script + Use the shared library, but some functions are only in + the static library, so try that secondarily. */ +GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a ) +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="Bounds"></a> +<a name="SEC21"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </h1> + +<p>This feature is activated with the ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ (see section <a href="#SEC2">Command line invocation</a>). +</p> +<p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated +with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked +code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be +valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly. +</p> +<p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see +<a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>. +</p> +<p>Here are some examples of caught errors: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt> +<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ + char tab[10]; + memset(tab, 0, 11); +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +<dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt> +<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ + int tab[10]; + for(i=0;i<11;i++) { + sum += tab[i]; + } +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +<dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data:</dt> +<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + for(i=0;i<21;i++) { + sum += tab4[i]; + } + free(tab); +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +<dt> Access of freed memory:</dt> +<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + free(tab); + for(i=0;i<20;i++) { + sum += tab4[i]; + } +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +<dt> Double free:</dt> +<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{ + int *tab; + tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int)); + free(tab); + free(tab); +} +</pre></td></tr></table> + +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="Libtcc"></a> +<a name="SEC22"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 7. The <code>libtcc</code> library </h1> + +<p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for +dynamic code generation. +</p> +<p>Read the ‘<tt>libtcc.h</tt>’ to have an overview of the API. Read +‘<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>’ to have a very simple example. +</p> +<p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want +to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global +symbol (function or variable) defined. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="devel"></a> +<a name="SEC23"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="chapter"> 8. Developer's guide </h1> + +<p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip +it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC24"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.1 File reading </h2> + +<p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a +file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new +file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next +character. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC25"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.2 Lexer </h2> + +<p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current +file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro +expansion. +</p> +<p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>) +constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code> +contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value +if number or string token). +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC26"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.3 Parser </h2> + +<p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass, +except: +</p> +<ul class="toc"> +<li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass +is done to count the number of elements. + +</li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in +reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order. + +</li></ul> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC27"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.4 Types </h2> + +<p>The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was choosen in the +first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not +be the best solution. +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */ +#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */ +#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */ +#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */ +#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */ +#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */ +#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */ +#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */ +#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */ +#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */ +#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */ +#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */ +#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */ +#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only + during parsing) */ +#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */ +#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */ +#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */ +#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */ + +#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 16 /* structure/enum name shift (16 bits left) */ +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and +structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to +store an identifier reference. +</p> +<p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long +longs. +</p> +<p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag +<code>VT_ARRAY</code> set. +</p> +<p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long +longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits +VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored +from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11. +</p> +<p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing. +</p> +<p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type +integer: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */ +#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */ +#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */ +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC28"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.5 Symbols </h2> + +<p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack +contains <code>Sym</code> structures. +</p> +<p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember +an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store +it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually +the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is +usually a constant associated to the symbol. +</p> +<p>Four main symbol stacks are defined: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt> +<dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt> +<dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt> +<dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt> +<dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt> +<dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol +stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global +symbol stack. +</p> +<p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until +the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack +is emptied. +</p> +<p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier +<var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the +global stack. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC29"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.6 Sections </h2> + +<p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure +<code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given +section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics +is assumed for each section. +</p> +<p>The following sections are predefined: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>text_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the +current position in the code section. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>data_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>contains initialized data +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>contains uninitialized data +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt> +<dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt> +<dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>are used when debugging is actived to store debug information +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt> +<dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt> +<dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC30"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.7 Code generation </h2> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC31"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.1 Introduction </h3> + +<p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one +pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which +generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly +little complicated. +</p> +<p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at +the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is +kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>. +</p> +<p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are +needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC32"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.2 The value stack </h3> + +<p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack +(<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value +stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>. +</p> +<p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is +currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register +index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are +defined: +</p> +<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST 0x00f0 +#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1 +#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2 +#define VT_CMP 0x00f3 +#define VT_JMP 0x00f4 +#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5 +#define VT_LVAL 0x0100 +#define VT_SYM 0x0200 +#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400 +#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800 +#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000 +#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000 +#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000 +#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000 +#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED) +</pre></td></tr></table> + +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union +<code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the +stack. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the +value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The +actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>. +</p> +<p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be +put in a normal register. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt> +<dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP, +it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted. +</p> +<p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> logical +operators. +</p> +<p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal +register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is +taken. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt> +<dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of +an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to +the wanted value. +</p> +<p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to +understand how TCC works. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt> +<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt> +<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt> +<dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real +type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt> +<dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated +ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value +is used (lazy casting). +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt> +<dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt> +<dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt> +<dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC33"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </h3> + +<p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value +stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for +example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the +previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage. +</p> +<p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup +code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on +x86). +</p> +<p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the +top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which +register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most +important function</em> of the code generator. +</p> +<p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack +entries. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC34"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </h3> +<p>See the ‘<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>’ file to have an example. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt> <code>load()</code></dt> +<dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>store()</code></dt> +<dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value +lvalue. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt> +<dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt> +<dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt> +<dd><p>should generate a function call +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt> +<dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt> +<dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt> +<dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top +entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types. +</p> +<p>The result value should be put on the stack. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt> +<dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top +entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of +same types. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt> +<dd><p>integer to floating point conversion. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt> +<dd><p>floating point to integer conversion. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt> +<dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion. +</p> +</dd> +<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt> +<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt> +<dd><p>are only used for bounds checking. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC35"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h2 class="section"> 8.8 Optimizations done </h2> +<p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and +divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison +operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the +processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special +'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed +because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion. +</p> +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC36"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1 class="unnumbered"> Concept Index </h1> +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a> + +<br> +<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> +<table border="0" class="index-cp"> +<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_0">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX11">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_1">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX1">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX10">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_2">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_3">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX5">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_4">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX8">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_5">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_6">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_7">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX12">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_8">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX9">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_9">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_10">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_11">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_12">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_13">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX2">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_14">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_15">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX7">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_16">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX3">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX6">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_17">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_18">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX4">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_19">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="SEC36_20">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr> +</table> +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a> + +<br> +<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a> + +<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr size="6"> +<a name="SEC_Contents"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1>Table of Contents</h1> +<div class="contents"> + +<ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">4.3 Labels</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC15" href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC16" href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC17" href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC18" href="#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC19" href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC20" href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC21" href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC22" href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC23" href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC24" href="#SEC24">8.1 File reading</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC25" href="#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC26" href="#SEC26">8.3 Parser</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC27" href="#SEC27">8.4 Types</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC28" href="#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC29" href="#SEC29">8.6 Sections</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC30" href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a> + <ul class="toc"> + <li><a name="TOC31" href="#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC32" href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC33" href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li> + <li><a name="TOC34" href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC35" href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="TOC36" href="#SEC36">Concept Index</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<hr size="1"> +<a name="SEC_About"></a> +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0"> +<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td> +<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td> +</tr></table> +<h1>About This Document</h1> +<p> + This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>. +</p> +<p> + The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning: +</p> +<table border="1"> + <tr> + <th> Button </th> + <th> Name </th> + <th> Go to </th> + <th> From 1.2.3 go to</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ < ] </td> + <td align="center">Back</td> + <td>Previous section in reading order</td> + <td>1.2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ > ] </td> + <td align="center">Forward</td> + <td>Next section in reading order</td> + <td>1.2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ << ] </td> + <td align="center">FastBack</td> + <td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td> + <td>1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ Up ] </td> + <td align="center">Up</td> + <td>Up section</td> + <td>1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ >> ] </td> + <td align="center">FastForward</td> + <td>Next chapter</td> + <td>2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [Top] </td> + <td align="center">Top</td> + <td>Cover (top) of document</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [Contents] </td> + <td align="center">Contents</td> + <td>Table of contents</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [Index] </td> + <td align="center">Index</td> + <td>Index</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> [ ? ] </td> + <td align="center">About</td> + <td>About (help)</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> + where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure: +</p> + +<ul> + <li> 1. Section One + <ul> + <li>1.1 Subsection One-One + <ul> + <li>...</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>1.2 Subsection One-Two + <ul> + <li>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One</li> + <li>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two</li> + <li>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three + <strong><== Current Position </strong></li> + <li>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>1.3 Subsection One-Three + <ul> + <li>...</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li>1.4 Subsection One-Four</li> + </ul> + </li> +</ul> + +<hr size="1"> +<p> + <font size="-1"> + This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>. + </font> + <br> + +</p> +</body> +</html> |